newgrf.cpp

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/*
 * This file is part of OpenTTD.
 * OpenTTD is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
 * OpenTTD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with OpenTTD. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
#include "stdafx.h"
 
#include <ranges>
#include "core/backup_type.hpp"
#include "core/container_func.hpp"
#include "debug.h"
#include "fileio_func.h"
#include "engine_func.h"
#include "engine_base.h"
#include "bridge.h"
#include "town.h"
#include "newgrf_engine.h"
#include "newgrf_text.h"
#include "fontcache.h"
#include "currency.h"
#include "landscape.h"
#include "newgrf_badge.h"
#include "newgrf_badge_type.h"
#include "newgrf_cargo.h"
#include "newgrf_house.h"
#include "newgrf_sound.h"
#include "newgrf_station.h"
#include "industrytype.h"
#include "industry_map.h"
#include "newgrf_act5.h"
#include "newgrf_canal.h"
#include "newgrf_townname.h"
#include "newgrf_industries.h"
#include "newgrf_airporttiles.h"
#include "newgrf_airport.h"
#include "newgrf_object.h"
#include "rev.h"
#include "fios.h"
#include "strings_func.h"
#include "timer/timer_game_tick.h"
#include "timer/timer_game_calendar.h"
#include "string_func.h"
#include "network/core/config.h"
#include "smallmap_gui.h"
#include "genworld.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "error_func.h"
#include "vehicle_func.h"
#include "language.h"
#include "vehicle_base.h"
#include "road.h"
#include "newgrf_roadstop.h"
 
#include "table/strings.h"
#include "table/build_industry.h"
 
#include "safeguards.h"
 
/* TTDPatch extended GRF format codec
 * (c) Petr Baudis 2004 (GPL'd)
 * Changes by Florian octo Forster are (c) by the OpenTTD development team.
 *
 * Contains portions of documentation by TTDPatch team.
 * Thanks especially to Josef Drexler for the documentation as well as a lot
 * of help at #tycoon. Also thanks to Michael Blunck for his GRF files which
 * served as subject to the initial testing of this codec. */
 
static std::vector<GRFFile *> _grf_files;
 
const std::vector<GRFFile *> &GetAllGRFFiles()
{
  return _grf_files;
}
 
uint8_t _misc_grf_features = 0;
 
static uint32_t _ttdpatch_flags[8];
 
GRFLoadedFeatures _loaded_newgrf_features;
 
static const uint MAX_SPRITEGROUP = UINT8_MAX; 
 
struct GrfProcessingState {
private:
  struct SpriteSet {
    SpriteID sprite;  
    uint num_sprites; 
  };
 
  std::map<uint, SpriteSet> spritesets[GSF_END];
 
public:
  /* Global state */
  GrfLoadingStage stage;    
  SpriteID spriteid;        
 
  /* Local state in the file */
  SpriteFile *file;         
  GRFFile *grffile;         
  GRFConfig *grfconfig;     
  uint32_t nfo_line;          
 
  /* Kind of return values when processing certain actions */
  int skip_sprites;         
 
  /* Currently referenceable spritegroups */
  std::array<const SpriteGroup *, MAX_SPRITEGROUP + 1> spritegroups{};
 
  void ClearDataForNextFile()
  {
    this->nfo_line = 0;
    this->skip_sprites = 0;
 
    for (uint i = 0; i < GSF_END; i++) {
      this->spritesets[i].clear();
    }
 
    this->spritegroups = {};
  }
 
  void AddSpriteSets(uint8_t feature, SpriteID first_sprite, uint first_set, uint numsets, uint numents)
  {
    assert(feature < GSF_END);
    for (uint i = 0; i < numsets; i++) {
      SpriteSet &set = this->spritesets[feature][first_set + i];
      set.sprite = first_sprite + i * numents;
      set.num_sprites = numents;
    }
  }
 
  bool HasValidSpriteSets(uint8_t feature) const
  {
    assert(feature < GSF_END);
    return !this->spritesets[feature].empty();
  }
 
  bool IsValidSpriteSet(uint8_t feature, uint set) const
  {
    assert(feature < GSF_END);
    return this->spritesets[feature].find(set) != this->spritesets[feature].end();
  }
 
  SpriteID GetSprite(uint8_t feature, uint set) const
  {
    assert(IsValidSpriteSet(feature, set));
    return this->spritesets[feature].find(set)->second.sprite;
  }
 
  uint GetNumEnts(uint8_t feature, uint set) const
  {
    assert(IsValidSpriteSet(feature, set));
    return this->spritesets[feature].find(set)->second.num_sprites;
  }
};
 
static GrfProcessingState _cur;
 
 
template <VehicleType T>
static inline bool IsValidNewGRFImageIndex(uint8_t image_index)
{
  return image_index == 0xFD || IsValidImageIndex<T>(image_index);
}
 
class OTTDByteReaderSignal { };
 
class ByteReader {
protected:
  uint8_t *data;
  uint8_t *end;
 
public:
  ByteReader(uint8_t *data, uint8_t *end) : data(data), end(end) { }
 
  inline uint8_t *ReadBytes(size_t size)
  {
    if (data + size >= end) {
      /* Put data at the end, as would happen if every byte had been individually read. */
      data = end;
      throw OTTDByteReaderSignal();
    }
 
    uint8_t *ret = data;
    data += size;
    return ret;
  }
 
  inline uint8_t ReadByte()
  {
    if (data < end) return *(data)++;
    throw OTTDByteReaderSignal();
  }
 
  uint16_t ReadWord()
  {
    uint16_t val = ReadByte();
    return val | (ReadByte() << 8);
  }
 
  uint16_t ReadExtendedByte()
  {
    uint16_t val = ReadByte();
    return val == 0xFF ? ReadWord() : val;
  }
 
  uint32_t ReadDWord()
  {
    uint32_t val = ReadWord();
    return val | (ReadWord() << 16);
  }
 
  uint32_t PeekDWord()
  {
    AutoRestoreBackup backup(this->data, this->data);
    return this->ReadDWord();
  }
 
  uint32_t ReadVarSize(uint8_t size)
  {
    switch (size) {
      case 1: return ReadByte();
      case 2: return ReadWord();
      case 4: return ReadDWord();
      default:
        NOT_REACHED();
        return 0;
    }
  }
 
  std::string_view ReadString()
  {
    char *string = reinterpret_cast<char *>(data);
    size_t string_length = ttd_strnlen(string, Remaining());
 
    /* Skip past the terminating NUL byte if it is present, but not more than remaining. */
    Skip(std::min(string_length + 1, Remaining()));
 
    return std::string_view(string, string_length);
  }
 
  inline size_t Remaining() const
  {
    return end - data;
  }
 
  inline bool HasData(size_t count = 1) const
  {
    return data + count <= end;
  }
 
  inline void Skip(size_t len)
  {
    data += len;
    /* It is valid to move the buffer to exactly the end of the data,
     * as there may not be any more data read. */
    if (data > end) throw OTTDByteReaderSignal();
  }
};
 
typedef void (*SpecialSpriteHandler)(ByteReader &buf);
 
static const uint NUM_STATIONS_PER_GRF = UINT16_MAX - 1;
 
struct GRFTempEngineData {
  enum Refittability : uint8_t {
    UNSET    =  0,  
    EMPTY,          
    NONEMPTY,       
  };
 
  CargoClasses cargo_allowed;          
  CargoClasses cargo_allowed_required; 
  CargoClasses cargo_disallowed;       
  RailTypeLabel railtypelabel;
  uint8_t roadtramtype;
  const GRFFile *defaultcargo_grf; 
  Refittability refittability;     
  uint8_t rv_max_speed;      
  CargoTypes ctt_include_mask; 
  CargoTypes ctt_exclude_mask; 
 
  void UpdateRefittability(bool non_empty)
  {
    if (non_empty) {
      this->refittability = NONEMPTY;
    } else if (this->refittability == UNSET) {
      this->refittability = EMPTY;
    }
  }
};
 
static ReferenceThroughBaseContainer<std::vector<GRFTempEngineData>> _gted;  
 
static std::array<uint32_t, 256> _grm_engines{};
 
static std::array<uint32_t, NUM_CARGO * 2> _grm_cargoes{};
 
struct GRFLocation {
  uint32_t grfid;
  uint32_t nfoline;
 
  GRFLocation(uint32_t grfid, uint32_t nfoline) : grfid(grfid), nfoline(nfoline) { }
 
  bool operator<(const GRFLocation &other) const
  {
    return this->grfid < other.grfid || (this->grfid == other.grfid && this->nfoline < other.nfoline);
  }
 
  bool operator == (const GRFLocation &other) const
  {
    return this->grfid == other.grfid && this->nfoline == other.nfoline;
  }
};
 
static std::map<GRFLocation, std::pair<SpriteID, uint16_t>> _grm_sprites;
typedef std::map<GRFLocation, std::vector<uint8_t>> GRFLineToSpriteOverride;
static GRFLineToSpriteOverride _grf_line_to_action6_sprite_override;
 
void GrfMsgI(int severity, const std::string &msg)
{
  Debug(grf, severity, "[{}:{}] {}", _cur.grfconfig->filename, _cur.nfo_line, msg);
}
 
static GRFFile *GetFileByGRFID(uint32_t grfid)
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    if (file->grfid == grfid) return file;
  }
  return nullptr;
}
 
static GRFFile *GetFileByFilename(const std::string &filename)
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    if (file->filename == filename) return file;
  }
  return nullptr;
}
 
static void ClearTemporaryNewGRFData(GRFFile *gf)
{
  gf->labels.clear();
}
 
static GRFError *DisableGrf(StringID message = STR_NULL, GRFConfig *config = nullptr)
{
  GRFFile *file;
  if (config != nullptr) {
    file = GetFileByGRFID(config->ident.grfid);
  } else {
    config = _cur.grfconfig;
    file = _cur.grffile;
  }
 
  config->status = GCS_DISABLED;
  if (file != nullptr) ClearTemporaryNewGRFData(file);
  if (config == _cur.grfconfig) _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
 
  if (message == STR_NULL) return nullptr;
 
  config->error = {STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MSG_FATAL, message};
  if (config == _cur.grfconfig) config->error->param_value[0] = _cur.nfo_line;
  return &config->error.value();
}
 
struct StringIDMapping {
  uint32_t grfid; 
  GRFStringID source; 
  std::function<void(StringID)> func; 
 
  StringIDMapping(uint32_t grfid, GRFStringID source, std::function<void(StringID)> &&func) : grfid(grfid), source(source), func(std::move(func)) { }
};
 
static std::vector<StringIDMapping> _string_to_grf_mapping;
 
static void AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID source, std::function<void(StringID)> &&func)
{
  func(STR_UNDEFINED);
  _string_to_grf_mapping.emplace_back(_cur.grffile->grfid, source, std::move(func));
}
 
static void AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID source, StringID *target)
{
  AddStringForMapping(source, [target](StringID str) { *target = str; });
}
 
static StringID TTDPStringIDToOTTDStringIDMapping(GRFStringID str)
{
  /* StringID table for TextIDs 0x4E->0x6D */
  static const StringID units_volume[] = {
    STR_ITEMS,      STR_PASSENGERS, STR_TONS,       STR_BAGS,
    STR_LITERS,     STR_ITEMS,      STR_CRATES,     STR_TONS,
    STR_TONS,       STR_TONS,       STR_TONS,       STR_BAGS,
    STR_TONS,       STR_TONS,       STR_TONS,       STR_BAGS,
    STR_TONS,       STR_TONS,       STR_BAGS,       STR_LITERS,
    STR_TONS,       STR_LITERS,     STR_TONS,       STR_ITEMS,
    STR_BAGS,       STR_LITERS,     STR_TONS,       STR_ITEMS,
    STR_TONS,       STR_ITEMS,      STR_LITERS,     STR_ITEMS
  };
 
  /* A string straight from a NewGRF; this was already translated by MapGRFStringID(). */
  assert(!IsInsideMM(str.base(), 0xD000, 0xD7FF));
 
#define TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(begin, end, stringid, stringend) \
  static_assert(stringend - stringid == end - begin); \
  if (str.base() >= begin && str.base() <= end) return StringID{str.base() + (stringid - begin)}
 
  /* We have some changes in our cargo strings, resulting in some missing. */
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x000E, 0x002D, STR_CARGO_PLURAL_NOTHING,                      STR_CARGO_PLURAL_FIZZY_DRINKS);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x002E, 0x004D, STR_CARGO_SINGULAR_NOTHING,                    STR_CARGO_SINGULAR_FIZZY_DRINK);
  if (str.base() >= 0x004E && str.base() <= 0x006D) return units_volume[str.base() - 0x004E];
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x006E, 0x008D, STR_QUANTITY_NOTHING,                          STR_QUANTITY_FIZZY_DRINKS);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x008E, 0x00AD, STR_ABBREV_NOTHING,                            STR_ABBREV_FIZZY_DRINKS);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x00D1, 0x00E0, STR_COLOUR_DARK_BLUE,                          STR_COLOUR_WHITE);
 
  /* Map building names according to our lang file changes. There are several
   * ranges of house ids, all of which need to be remapped to allow newgrfs
   * to use original house names. */
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x200F, 0x201F, STR_TOWN_BUILDING_NAME_TALL_OFFICE_BLOCK_1,    STR_TOWN_BUILDING_NAME_OLD_HOUSES_1);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x2036, 0x2041, STR_TOWN_BUILDING_NAME_COTTAGES_1,             STR_TOWN_BUILDING_NAME_SHOPPING_MALL_1);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x2059, 0x205C, STR_TOWN_BUILDING_NAME_IGLOO_1,                STR_TOWN_BUILDING_NAME_PIGGY_BANK_1);
 
  /* Same thing for industries */
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x4802, 0x4826, STR_INDUSTRY_NAME_COAL_MINE,                   STR_INDUSTRY_NAME_SUGAR_MINE);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x482D, 0x482E, STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_CONSTRUCTION,                STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_PLANTED);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x4832, 0x4834, STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_CLOSURE_GENERAL,             STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_CLOSURE_LACK_OF_TREES);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x4835, 0x4838, STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_PRODUCTION_INCREASE_GENERAL, STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_PRODUCTION_INCREASE_FARM);
  TEXTID_TO_STRINGID(0x4839, 0x483A, STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_PRODUCTION_DECREASE_GENERAL, STR_NEWS_INDUSTRY_PRODUCTION_DECREASE_FARM);
 
  switch (str.base()) {
    case 0x4830: return STR_ERROR_CAN_T_CONSTRUCT_THIS_INDUSTRY;
    case 0x4831: return STR_ERROR_FOREST_CAN_ONLY_BE_PLANTED;
    case 0x483B: return STR_ERROR_CAN_ONLY_BE_POSITIONED;
  }
#undef TEXTID_TO_STRINGID
 
  if (str.base() == 0) return STR_EMPTY;
 
  Debug(grf, 0, "Unknown StringID 0x{:04X} remapped to STR_EMPTY. Please open a Feature Request if you need it", str);
 
  return STR_EMPTY;
}
 
StringID MapGRFStringID(uint32_t grfid, GRFStringID str)
{
  if (IsInsideMM(str.base(), 0xD800, 0x10000)) {
    /* General text provided by NewGRF.
     * In the specs this is called the 0xDCxx range (misc persistent texts),
     * but we meanwhile extended the range to 0xD800-0xFFFF.
     * Note: We are not involved in the "persistent" business, since we do not store
     * any NewGRF strings in savegames. */
    return GetGRFStringID(grfid, str);
  } else if (IsInsideMM(str.base(), 0xD000, 0xD800)) {
    /* Callback text provided by NewGRF.
     * In the specs this is called the 0xD0xx range (misc graphics texts).
     * These texts can be returned by various callbacks.
     *
     * Due to how TTDP implements the GRF-local- to global-textid translation
     * texts included via 0x80 or 0x81 control codes have to add 0x400 to the textid.
     * We do not care about that difference and just mask out the 0x400 bit.
     */
    str = GRFStringID(str.base() & ~0x400);
    return GetGRFStringID(grfid, str);
  } else {
    /* The NewGRF wants to include/reference an original TTD string.
     * Try our best to find an equivalent one. */
    return TTDPStringIDToOTTDStringIDMapping(str);
  }
}
 
static std::map<uint32_t, uint32_t> _grf_id_overrides;
 
static void SetNewGRFOverride(uint32_t source_grfid, uint32_t target_grfid)
{
  if (target_grfid == 0) {
    _grf_id_overrides.erase(source_grfid);
    GrfMsg(5, "SetNewGRFOverride: Removed override of 0x{:X}", std::byteswap(source_grfid));
  } else {
    _grf_id_overrides[source_grfid] = target_grfid;
    GrfMsg(5, "SetNewGRFOverride: Added override of 0x{:X} to 0x{:X}", std::byteswap(source_grfid), std::byteswap(target_grfid));
  }
}
 
static GRFFile *GetCurrentGRFOverride()
{
  auto found = _grf_id_overrides.find(_cur.grffile->grfid);
  if (found != std::end(_grf_id_overrides)) {
    GRFFile *grffile = GetFileByGRFID(found->second);
    if (grffile != nullptr) return grffile;
  }
  return nullptr;
}
 
static Engine *GetNewEngine(const GRFFile *file, VehicleType type, uint16_t internal_id, bool static_access = false)
{
  /* Hack for add-on GRFs that need to modify another GRF's engines. This lets
   * them use the same engine slots. */
  uint32_t scope_grfid = INVALID_GRFID; // If not using dynamic_engines, all newgrfs share their ID range
  if (_settings_game.vehicle.dynamic_engines) {
    /* If dynamic_engies is enabled, there can be multiple independent ID ranges. */
    scope_grfid = file->grfid;
    if (auto it = _grf_id_overrides.find(file->grfid); it != std::end(_grf_id_overrides)) {
      scope_grfid = it->second;
      const GRFFile *grf_match = GetFileByGRFID(scope_grfid);
      if (grf_match == nullptr) {
        GrfMsg(5, "Tried mapping from GRFID {:x} to {:x} but target is not loaded", std::byteswap(file->grfid), std::byteswap(scope_grfid));
      } else {
        GrfMsg(5, "Mapping from GRFID {:x} to {:x}", std::byteswap(file->grfid), std::byteswap(scope_grfid));
      }
    }
 
    /* Check if the engine is registered in the override manager */
    EngineID engine = _engine_mngr.GetID(type, internal_id, scope_grfid);
    if (engine != EngineID::Invalid()) {
      Engine *e = Engine::Get(engine);
      if (!e->grf_prop.HasGrfFile()) {
        e->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(file);
      }
      return e;
    }
  }
 
  /* Check if there is an unreserved slot */
  EngineID engine = _engine_mngr.UseUnreservedID(type, internal_id, scope_grfid, static_access);
  if (engine != EngineID::Invalid()) {
    Engine *e = Engine::Get(engine);
 
    if (!e->grf_prop.HasGrfFile()) {
      e->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(file);
      GrfMsg(5, "Replaced engine at index {} for GRFID {:x}, type {}, index {}", e->index, std::byteswap(file->grfid), type, internal_id);
    }
 
    return e;
  }
 
  if (static_access) return nullptr;
 
  if (!Engine::CanAllocateItem()) {
    GrfMsg(0, "Can't allocate any more engines");
    return nullptr;
  }
 
  size_t engine_pool_size = Engine::GetPoolSize();
 
  /* ... it's not, so create a new one based off an existing engine */
  Engine *e = new Engine(type, internal_id);
  e->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(file);
 
  /* Reserve the engine slot */
  _engine_mngr.SetID(type, internal_id, scope_grfid, std::min<uint8_t>(internal_id, _engine_counts[type]), e->index);
 
  if (engine_pool_size != Engine::GetPoolSize()) {
    /* Resize temporary engine data ... */
    _gted.resize(Engine::GetPoolSize());
  }
  if (type == VEH_TRAIN) {
    _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = GetRailTypeInfo(e->u.rail.railtype)->label;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(5, "Created new engine at index {} for GRFID {:x}, type {}, index {}", e->index, std::byteswap(file->grfid), type, internal_id);
 
  return e;
}
 
EngineID GetNewEngineID(const GRFFile *file, VehicleType type, uint16_t internal_id)
{
  uint32_t scope_grfid = INVALID_GRFID; // If not using dynamic_engines, all newgrfs share their ID range
  if (_settings_game.vehicle.dynamic_engines) {
    scope_grfid = file->grfid;
    if (auto it = _grf_id_overrides.find(file->grfid); it != std::end(_grf_id_overrides)) {
      scope_grfid = it->second;
    }
  }
 
  return _engine_mngr.GetID(type, internal_id, scope_grfid);
}
 
static void MapSpriteMappingRecolour(PalSpriteID *grf_sprite)
{
  if (HasBit(grf_sprite->pal, 14)) {
    ClrBit(grf_sprite->pal, 14);
    SetBit(grf_sprite->sprite, SPRITE_MODIFIER_OPAQUE);
  }
 
  if (HasBit(grf_sprite->sprite, 14)) {
    ClrBit(grf_sprite->sprite, 14);
    SetBit(grf_sprite->sprite, PALETTE_MODIFIER_TRANSPARENT);
  }
 
  if (HasBit(grf_sprite->sprite, 15)) {
    ClrBit(grf_sprite->sprite, 15);
    SetBit(grf_sprite->sprite, PALETTE_MODIFIER_COLOUR);
  }
}
 
static TileLayoutFlags ReadSpriteLayoutSprite(ByteReader &buf, bool read_flags, bool invert_action1_flag, bool use_cur_spritesets, int feature, PalSpriteID *grf_sprite, uint16_t *max_sprite_offset = nullptr, uint16_t *max_palette_offset = nullptr)
{
  grf_sprite->sprite = buf.ReadWord();
  grf_sprite->pal = buf.ReadWord();
  TileLayoutFlags flags = read_flags ? (TileLayoutFlags)buf.ReadWord() : TLF_NOTHING;
 
  MapSpriteMappingRecolour(grf_sprite);
 
  bool custom_sprite = HasBit(grf_sprite->pal, 15) != invert_action1_flag;
  ClrBit(grf_sprite->pal, 15);
  if (custom_sprite) {
    /* Use sprite from Action 1 */
    uint index = GB(grf_sprite->sprite, 0, 14);
    if (use_cur_spritesets && (!_cur.IsValidSpriteSet(feature, index) || _cur.GetNumEnts(feature, index) == 0)) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayoutSprite: Spritelayout uses undefined custom spriteset {}", index);
      grf_sprite->sprite = SPR_IMG_QUERY;
      grf_sprite->pal = PAL_NONE;
    } else {
      SpriteID sprite = use_cur_spritesets ? _cur.GetSprite(feature, index) : index;
      if (max_sprite_offset != nullptr) *max_sprite_offset = use_cur_spritesets ? _cur.GetNumEnts(feature, index) : UINT16_MAX;
      SB(grf_sprite->sprite, 0, SPRITE_WIDTH, sprite);
      SetBit(grf_sprite->sprite, SPRITE_MODIFIER_CUSTOM_SPRITE);
    }
  } else if ((flags & TLF_SPRITE_VAR10) && !(flags & TLF_SPRITE_REG_FLAGS)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayoutSprite: Spritelayout specifies var10 value for non-action-1 sprite");
    DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_SPRITE_LAYOUT);
    return flags;
  }
 
  if (flags & TLF_CUSTOM_PALETTE) {
    /* Use palette from Action 1 */
    uint index = GB(grf_sprite->pal, 0, 14);
    if (use_cur_spritesets && (!_cur.IsValidSpriteSet(feature, index) || _cur.GetNumEnts(feature, index) == 0)) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayoutSprite: Spritelayout uses undefined custom spriteset {} for 'palette'", index);
      grf_sprite->pal = PAL_NONE;
    } else {
      SpriteID sprite = use_cur_spritesets ? _cur.GetSprite(feature, index) : index;
      if (max_palette_offset != nullptr) *max_palette_offset = use_cur_spritesets ? _cur.GetNumEnts(feature, index) : UINT16_MAX;
      SB(grf_sprite->pal, 0, SPRITE_WIDTH, sprite);
      SetBit(grf_sprite->pal, SPRITE_MODIFIER_CUSTOM_SPRITE);
    }
  } else if ((flags & TLF_PALETTE_VAR10) && !(flags & TLF_PALETTE_REG_FLAGS)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayoutRegisters: Spritelayout specifies var10 value for non-action-1 palette");
    DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_SPRITE_LAYOUT);
    return flags;
  }
 
  return flags;
}
 
static void ReadSpriteLayoutRegisters(ByteReader &buf, TileLayoutFlags flags, bool is_parent, NewGRFSpriteLayout *dts, uint index)
{
  if (!(flags & TLF_DRAWING_FLAGS)) return;
 
  if (dts->registers.empty()) dts->AllocateRegisters();
  TileLayoutRegisters &regs = const_cast<TileLayoutRegisters&>(dts->registers[index]);
  regs.flags = flags & TLF_DRAWING_FLAGS;
 
  if (flags & TLF_DODRAW)  regs.dodraw  = buf.ReadByte();
  if (flags & TLF_SPRITE)  regs.sprite  = buf.ReadByte();
  if (flags & TLF_PALETTE) regs.palette = buf.ReadByte();
 
  if (is_parent) {
    if (flags & TLF_BB_XY_OFFSET) {
      regs.delta.parent[0] = buf.ReadByte();
      regs.delta.parent[1] = buf.ReadByte();
    }
    if (flags & TLF_BB_Z_OFFSET)    regs.delta.parent[2] = buf.ReadByte();
  } else {
    if (flags & TLF_CHILD_X_OFFSET) regs.delta.child[0]  = buf.ReadByte();
    if (flags & TLF_CHILD_Y_OFFSET) regs.delta.child[1]  = buf.ReadByte();
  }
 
  if (flags & TLF_SPRITE_VAR10) {
    regs.sprite_var10 = buf.ReadByte();
    if (regs.sprite_var10 > TLR_MAX_VAR10) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayoutRegisters: Spritelayout specifies var10 ({}) exceeding the maximal allowed value {}", regs.sprite_var10, TLR_MAX_VAR10);
      DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_SPRITE_LAYOUT);
      return;
    }
  }
 
  if (flags & TLF_PALETTE_VAR10) {
    regs.palette_var10 = buf.ReadByte();
    if (regs.palette_var10 > TLR_MAX_VAR10) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayoutRegisters: Spritelayout specifies var10 ({}) exceeding the maximal allowed value {}", regs.palette_var10, TLR_MAX_VAR10);
      DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_SPRITE_LAYOUT);
      return;
    }
  }
}
 
static bool ReadSpriteLayout(ByteReader &buf, uint num_building_sprites, bool use_cur_spritesets, uint8_t feature, bool allow_var10, bool no_z_position, NewGRFSpriteLayout *dts)
{
  bool has_flags = HasBit(num_building_sprites, 6);
  ClrBit(num_building_sprites, 6);
  TileLayoutFlags valid_flags = TLF_KNOWN_FLAGS;
  if (!allow_var10) valid_flags &= ~TLF_VAR10_FLAGS;
  dts->Allocate(num_building_sprites); // allocate before reading groundsprite flags
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> max_sprite_offset(num_building_sprites + 1, 0);
  std::vector<uint16_t> max_palette_offset(num_building_sprites + 1, 0);
 
  /* Groundsprite */
  TileLayoutFlags flags = ReadSpriteLayoutSprite(buf, has_flags, false, use_cur_spritesets, feature, &dts->ground, max_sprite_offset.data(), max_palette_offset.data());
  if (_cur.skip_sprites < 0) return true;
 
  if (flags & ~(valid_flags & ~TLF_NON_GROUND_FLAGS)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayout: Spritelayout uses invalid flag 0x{:X} for ground sprite", flags & ~(valid_flags & ~TLF_NON_GROUND_FLAGS));
    DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_SPRITE_LAYOUT);
    return true;
  }
 
  ReadSpriteLayoutRegisters(buf, flags, false, dts, 0);
  if (_cur.skip_sprites < 0) return true;
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_building_sprites; i++) {
    DrawTileSeqStruct *seq = const_cast<DrawTileSeqStruct*>(&dts->seq[i]);
 
    flags = ReadSpriteLayoutSprite(buf, has_flags, false, use_cur_spritesets, feature, &seq->image, max_sprite_offset.data() + i + 1, max_palette_offset.data() + i + 1);
    if (_cur.skip_sprites < 0) return true;
 
    if (flags & ~valid_flags) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ReadSpriteLayout: Spritelayout uses unknown flag 0x{:X}", flags & ~valid_flags);
      DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_SPRITE_LAYOUT);
      return true;
    }
 
    seq->delta_x = buf.ReadByte();
    seq->delta_y = buf.ReadByte();
 
    if (!no_z_position) seq->delta_z = buf.ReadByte();
 
    if (seq->IsParentSprite()) {
      seq->size_x = buf.ReadByte();
      seq->size_y = buf.ReadByte();
      seq->size_z = buf.ReadByte();
    }
 
    ReadSpriteLayoutRegisters(buf, flags, seq->IsParentSprite(), dts, i + 1);
    if (_cur.skip_sprites < 0) return true;
  }
 
  /* Check if the number of sprites per spriteset is consistent */
  bool is_consistent = true;
  dts->consistent_max_offset = 0;
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_building_sprites + 1; i++) {
    if (max_sprite_offset[i] > 0) {
      if (dts->consistent_max_offset == 0) {
        dts->consistent_max_offset = max_sprite_offset[i];
      } else if (dts->consistent_max_offset != max_sprite_offset[i]) {
        is_consistent = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (max_palette_offset[i] > 0) {
      if (dts->consistent_max_offset == 0) {
        dts->consistent_max_offset = max_palette_offset[i];
      } else if (dts->consistent_max_offset != max_palette_offset[i]) {
        is_consistent = false;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
 
  /* When the Action1 sets are unknown, everything should be 0 (no spriteset usage) or UINT16_MAX (some spriteset usage) */
  assert(use_cur_spritesets || (is_consistent && (dts->consistent_max_offset == 0 || dts->consistent_max_offset == UINT16_MAX)));
 
  if (!is_consistent || !dts->registers.empty()) {
    dts->consistent_max_offset = 0;
    if (dts->registers.empty()) dts->AllocateRegisters();
 
    for (uint i = 0; i < num_building_sprites + 1; i++) {
      TileLayoutRegisters &regs = const_cast<TileLayoutRegisters&>(dts->registers[i]);
      regs.max_sprite_offset = max_sprite_offset[i];
      regs.max_palette_offset = max_palette_offset[i];
    }
  }
 
  return false;
}
 
static CargoTypes TranslateRefitMask(uint32_t refit_mask)
{
  CargoTypes result = 0;
  for (uint8_t bit : SetBitIterator(refit_mask)) {
    CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(bit, _cur.grffile, true);
    if (IsValidCargoType(cargo)) SetBit(result, cargo);
  }
  return result;
}
 
static void ConvertTTDBasePrice(uint32_t base_pointer, const char *error_location, Price *index)
{
  /* Special value for 'none' */
  if (base_pointer == 0) {
    *index = INVALID_PRICE;
    return;
  }
 
  static const uint32_t start = 0x4B34; 
  static const uint32_t size  = 6;      
 
  if (base_pointer < start || (base_pointer - start) % size != 0 || (base_pointer - start) / size >= PR_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "{}: Unsupported running cost base 0x{:04X}, ignoring", error_location, base_pointer);
    return;
  }
 
  *index = (Price)((base_pointer - start) / size);
}
 
enum ChangeInfoResult : uint8_t {
  CIR_SUCCESS,    
  CIR_DISABLED,   
  CIR_UNHANDLED,  
  CIR_UNKNOWN,    
  CIR_INVALID_ID, 
};
 
using ChangeInfoHandler = ChangeInfoResult(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf);
 
static ChangeInfoResult CommonVehicleChangeInfo(EngineInfo *ei, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x00: // Introduction date
      ei->base_intro = CalendarTime::DAYS_TILL_ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR + buf.ReadWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x02: // Decay speed
      ei->decay_speed = buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x03: // Vehicle life
      ei->lifelength = TimerGameCalendar::Year{buf.ReadByte()};
      break;
 
    case 0x04: // Model life
      ei->base_life = TimerGameCalendar::Year{buf.ReadByte()};
      break;
 
    case 0x06: // Climates available
      ei->climates = LandscapeTypes{buf.ReadByte()};
      break;
 
    case PROP_VEHICLE_LOAD_AMOUNT: // 0x07 Loading speed
      /* Amount of cargo loaded during a vehicle's "loading tick" */
      ei->load_amount = buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    default:
      return CIR_UNKNOWN;
  }
 
  return CIR_SUCCESS;
}
 
static void SkipBadgeList(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint16_t count = buf.ReadWord();
  while (count-- > 0) {
    buf.ReadWord();
  }
}
 
static std::vector<BadgeID> ReadBadgeList(ByteReader &buf, GrfSpecFeature feature)
{
  uint16_t count = buf.ReadWord();
 
  std::vector<BadgeID> badges;
  badges.reserve(count);
 
  while (count-- > 0) {
    uint16_t local_index = buf.ReadWord();
    if (local_index >= std::size(_cur.grffile->badge_list)) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ReadBadgeList: Badge label {} out of range (max {}), skipping.", local_index, std::size(_cur.grffile->badge_list) - 1);
      continue;
    }
 
    BadgeID index = _cur.grffile->badge_list[local_index];
 
    /* Is badge already present? */
    if (std::ranges::find(badges, index) != std::end(badges)) continue;
 
    badges.push_back(index);
    MarkBadgeSeen(index, feature);
  }
 
  return badges;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RailVehicleChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    Engine *e = GetNewEngine(_cur.grffile, VEH_TRAIN, id);
    if (e == nullptr) return CIR_INVALID_ID; // No engine could be allocated, so neither can any next vehicles
 
    EngineInfo *ei = &e->info;
    RailVehicleInfo *rvi = &e->u.rail;
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x05: { // Track type
        uint8_t tracktype = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (tracktype < _cur.grffile->railtype_list.size()) {
          _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = _cur.grffile->railtype_list[tracktype];
          break;
        }
 
        switch (tracktype) {
          case 0: _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = rvi->engclass >= 2 ? RAILTYPE_LABEL_ELECTRIC : RAILTYPE_LABEL_RAIL; break;
          case 1: _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = RAILTYPE_LABEL_MONO; break;
          case 2: _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = RAILTYPE_LABEL_MAGLEV; break;
          default:
            GrfMsg(1, "RailVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid track type {} specified, ignoring", tracktype);
            break;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x08: // AI passenger service
        /* Tells the AI that this engine is designed for
         * passenger services and shouldn't be used for freight. */
        rvi->ai_passenger_only = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_SPEED: { // 0x09 Speed (1 unit is 1 km-ish/h)
        uint16_t speed = buf.ReadWord();
        if (speed == 0xFFFF) speed = 0;
 
        rvi->max_speed = speed;
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_POWER: // 0x0B Power
        rvi->power = buf.ReadWord();
 
        /* Set engine / wagon state based on power */
        if (rvi->power != 0) {
          if (rvi->railveh_type == RAILVEH_WAGON) {
            rvi->railveh_type = RAILVEH_SINGLEHEAD;
          }
        } else {
          rvi->railveh_type = RAILVEH_WAGON;
        }
        break;
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_RUNNING_COST_FACTOR: // 0x0D Running cost factor
        rvi->running_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Running cost base
        ConvertTTDBasePrice(buf.ReadDWord(), "RailVehicleChangeInfo", &rvi->running_cost_class);
        break;
 
      case 0x12: { // Sprite ID
        uint8_t spriteid = buf.ReadByte();
        uint8_t orig_spriteid = spriteid;
 
        /* TTD sprite IDs point to a location in a 16bit array, but we use it
         * as an array index, so we need it to be half the original value. */
        if (spriteid < 0xFD) spriteid >>= 1;
 
        if (IsValidNewGRFImageIndex<VEH_TRAIN>(spriteid)) {
          rvi->image_index = spriteid;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "RailVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid Sprite {} specified, ignoring", orig_spriteid);
          rvi->image_index = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x13: { // Dual-headed
        uint8_t dual = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (dual != 0) {
          rvi->railveh_type = RAILVEH_MULTIHEAD;
        } else {
          rvi->railveh_type = rvi->power == 0 ?
            RAILVEH_WAGON : RAILVEH_SINGLEHEAD;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_CARGO_CAPACITY: // 0x14 Cargo capacity
        rvi->capacity = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x15: { // Cargo type
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (ctype == 0xFF) {
          /* 0xFF is specified as 'use first refittable' */
          ei->cargo_type = INVALID_CARGO;
        } else {
          /* Use translated cargo. Might result in INVALID_CARGO (first refittable), if cargo is not defined. */
          ei->cargo_type = GetCargoTranslation(ctype, _cur.grffile);
          if (ei->cargo_type == INVALID_CARGO) GrfMsg(2, "RailVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid cargo type {}, using first refittable", ctype);
        }
        ei->cargo_label = CT_INVALID;
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_WEIGHT: // 0x16 Weight
        SB(rvi->weight, 0, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_COST_FACTOR: // 0x17 Cost factor
        rvi->cost_factor = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // AI rank
        GrfMsg(2, "RailVehicleChangeInfo: Property 0x18 'AI rank' not used by NoAI, ignored.");
        buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x19: { // Engine traction type
        /* What do the individual numbers mean?
         * 0x00 .. 0x07: Steam
         * 0x08 .. 0x27: Diesel
         * 0x28 .. 0x31: Electric
         * 0x32 .. 0x37: Monorail
         * 0x38 .. 0x41: Maglev
         */
        uint8_t traction = buf.ReadByte();
        EngineClass engclass;
 
        if (traction <= 0x07) {
          engclass = EC_STEAM;
        } else if (traction <= 0x27) {
          engclass = EC_DIESEL;
        } else if (traction <= 0x31) {
          engclass = EC_ELECTRIC;
        } else if (traction <= 0x37) {
          engclass = EC_MONORAIL;
        } else if (traction <= 0x41) {
          engclass = EC_MAGLEV;
        } else {
          break;
        }
 
        if (_cur.grffile->railtype_list.empty()) {
          /* Use traction type to select between normal and electrified
           * rail only when no translation list is in place. */
          if (_gted[e->index].railtypelabel == RAILTYPE_LABEL_RAIL     && engclass >= EC_ELECTRIC) _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = RAILTYPE_LABEL_ELECTRIC;
          if (_gted[e->index].railtypelabel == RAILTYPE_LABEL_ELECTRIC && engclass  < EC_ELECTRIC) _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = RAILTYPE_LABEL_RAIL;
        }
 
        rvi->engclass = engclass;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1A: // Alter purchase list sort order
        AlterVehicleListOrder(e->index, buf.ReadExtendedByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Powered wagons power bonus
        rvi->pow_wag_power = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Refit cost
        ei->refit_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: { // Refit cargo
        uint32_t mask = buf.ReadDWord();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(mask != 0);
        ei->refit_mask = TranslateRefitMask(mask);
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1E: { // Callback
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 0, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_TRACTIVE_EFFORT: // 0x1F Tractive effort coefficient
        rvi->tractive_effort = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x20: // Air drag
        rvi->air_drag = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_SHORTEN_FACTOR: // 0x21 Shorter vehicle
        rvi->shorten_factor = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x22: // Visual effect
        rvi->visual_effect = buf.ReadByte();
        /* Avoid accidentally setting visual_effect to the default value
         * Since bit 6 (disable effects) is set anyways, we can safely erase some bits. */
        if (rvi->visual_effect == VE_DEFAULT) {
          assert(HasBit(rvi->visual_effect, VE_DISABLE_EFFECT));
          SB(rvi->visual_effect, VE_TYPE_START, VE_TYPE_COUNT, 0);
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x23: // Powered wagons weight bonus
        rvi->pow_wag_weight = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x24: { // High byte of vehicle weight
        uint8_t weight = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (weight > 4) {
          GrfMsg(2, "RailVehicleChangeInfo: Nonsensical weight of {} tons, ignoring", weight << 8);
        } else {
          SB(rvi->weight, 8, 8, weight);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_USER_DATA: // 0x25 User-defined bit mask to set when checking veh. var. 42
        rvi->user_def_data = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x26: // Retire vehicle early
        ei->retire_early = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x27: // Miscellaneous flags
        ei->misc_flags = static_cast<EngineMiscFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        _loaded_newgrf_features.has_2CC |= ei->misc_flags.Test(EngineMiscFlag::Uses2CC);
        break;
 
      case 0x28: // Cargo classes allowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(_gted[e->index].cargo_allowed.Any());
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
 
      case 0x29: // Cargo classes disallowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_disallowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(false);
        break;
 
      case 0x2A: // Long format introduction date (days since year 0)
        ei->base_intro = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_CARGO_AGE_PERIOD: // 0x2B Cargo aging period
        ei->cargo_age_period = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x2C:   // CTT refit include list
      case 0x2D: { // CTT refit exclude list
        uint8_t count = buf.ReadByte();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(prop == 0x2C && count != 0);
        if (prop == 0x2C) _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        CargoTypes &ctt = prop == 0x2C ? _gted[e->index].ctt_include_mask : _gted[e->index].ctt_exclude_mask;
        ctt = 0;
        while (count--) {
          CargoType ctype = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          if (IsValidCargoType(ctype)) SetBit(ctt, ctype);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_TRAIN_CURVE_SPEED_MOD: // 0x2E Curve speed modifier
        rvi->curve_speed_mod = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x2F: // Engine variant
        ei->variant_id = static_cast<EngineID>(buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x30: // Extra miscellaneous flags
        ei->extra_flags = static_cast<ExtraEngineFlags>(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x31: { // Callback additional mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 8, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x32: // Cargo classes required for a refit.
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed_required = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x33: // Badge list
        e->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_TRAINS);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CommonVehicleChangeInfo(ei, prop, buf);
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RoadVehicleChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    Engine *e = GetNewEngine(_cur.grffile, VEH_ROAD, id);
    if (e == nullptr) return CIR_INVALID_ID; // No engine could be allocated, so neither can any next vehicles
 
    EngineInfo *ei = &e->info;
    RoadVehicleInfo *rvi = &e->u.road;
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x05: // Road/tram type
        /* RoadTypeLabel is looked up later after the engine's road/tram
         * flag is set, however 0 means the value has not been set. */
        _gted[e->index].roadtramtype = buf.ReadByte() + 1;
        break;
 
      case 0x08: // Speed (1 unit is 0.5 kmh)
        rvi->max_speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_RUNNING_COST_FACTOR: // 0x09 Running cost factor
        rvi->running_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // Running cost base
        ConvertTTDBasePrice(buf.ReadDWord(), "RoadVehicleChangeInfo", &rvi->running_cost_class);
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: { // Sprite ID
        uint8_t spriteid = buf.ReadByte();
        uint8_t orig_spriteid = spriteid;
 
        /* cars have different custom id in the GRF file */
        if (spriteid == 0xFF) spriteid = 0xFD;
 
        if (spriteid < 0xFD) spriteid >>= 1;
 
        if (IsValidNewGRFImageIndex<VEH_ROAD>(spriteid)) {
          rvi->image_index = spriteid;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "RoadVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid Sprite {} specified, ignoring", orig_spriteid);
          rvi->image_index = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_CARGO_CAPACITY: // 0x0F Cargo capacity
        rvi->capacity = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: { // Cargo type
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (ctype == 0xFF) {
          /* 0xFF is specified as 'use first refittable' */
          ei->cargo_type = INVALID_CARGO;
        } else {
          /* Use translated cargo. Might result in INVALID_CARGO (first refittable), if cargo is not defined. */
          ei->cargo_type = GetCargoTranslation(ctype, _cur.grffile);
          if (ei->cargo_type == INVALID_CARGO) GrfMsg(2, "RoadVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid cargo type {}, using first refittable", ctype);
        }
        ei->cargo_label = CT_INVALID;
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_COST_FACTOR: // 0x11 Cost factor
        rvi->cost_factor = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // SFX
        rvi->sfx = GetNewGRFSoundID(_cur.grffile, buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_POWER: // Power in units of 10 HP.
        rvi->power = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_WEIGHT: // Weight in units of 1/4 tons.
        rvi->weight = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_SPEED: // Speed in mph/0.8
        _gted[e->index].rv_max_speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x16: { // Cargoes available for refitting
        uint32_t mask = buf.ReadDWord();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(mask != 0);
        ei->refit_mask = TranslateRefitMask(mask);
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x17: { // Callback mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 0, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_TRACTIVE_EFFORT: // Tractive effort coefficient in 1/256.
        rvi->tractive_effort = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x19: // Air drag
        rvi->air_drag = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Refit cost
        ei->refit_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Retire vehicle early
        ei->retire_early = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Miscellaneous flags
        ei->misc_flags = static_cast<EngineMiscFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        _loaded_newgrf_features.has_2CC |= ei->misc_flags.Test(EngineMiscFlag::Uses2CC);
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Cargo classes allowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(_gted[e->index].cargo_allowed.Any());
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: // Cargo classes disallowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_disallowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(false);
        break;
 
      case 0x1F: // Long format introduction date (days since year 0)
        ei->base_intro = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x20: // Alter purchase list sort order
        AlterVehicleListOrder(e->index, buf.ReadExtendedByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x21: // Visual effect
        rvi->visual_effect = buf.ReadByte();
        /* Avoid accidentally setting visual_effect to the default value
         * Since bit 6 (disable effects) is set anyways, we can safely erase some bits. */
        if (rvi->visual_effect == VE_DEFAULT) {
          assert(HasBit(rvi->visual_effect, VE_DISABLE_EFFECT));
          SB(rvi->visual_effect, VE_TYPE_START, VE_TYPE_COUNT, 0);
        }
        break;
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_CARGO_AGE_PERIOD: // 0x22 Cargo aging period
        ei->cargo_age_period = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case PROP_ROADVEH_SHORTEN_FACTOR: // 0x23 Shorter vehicle
        rvi->shorten_factor = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x24:   // CTT refit include list
      case 0x25: { // CTT refit exclude list
        uint8_t count = buf.ReadByte();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(prop == 0x24 && count != 0);
        if (prop == 0x24) _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        CargoTypes &ctt = prop == 0x24 ? _gted[e->index].ctt_include_mask : _gted[e->index].ctt_exclude_mask;
        ctt = 0;
        while (count--) {
          CargoType ctype = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          if (IsValidCargoType(ctype)) SetBit(ctt, ctype);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x26: // Engine variant
        ei->variant_id = static_cast<EngineID>(buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x27: // Extra miscellaneous flags
        ei->extra_flags = static_cast<ExtraEngineFlags>(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x28: { // Callback additional mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 8, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x29: // Cargo classes required for a refit.
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed_required = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x2A: // Badge list
        e->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_ROADVEHICLES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CommonVehicleChangeInfo(ei, prop, buf);
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult ShipVehicleChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    Engine *e = GetNewEngine(_cur.grffile, VEH_SHIP, id);
    if (e == nullptr) return CIR_INVALID_ID; // No engine could be allocated, so neither can any next vehicles
 
    EngineInfo *ei = &e->info;
    ShipVehicleInfo *svi = &e->u.ship;
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Sprite ID
        uint8_t spriteid = buf.ReadByte();
        uint8_t orig_spriteid = spriteid;
 
        /* ships have different custom id in the GRF file */
        if (spriteid == 0xFF) spriteid = 0xFD;
 
        if (spriteid < 0xFD) spriteid >>= 1;
 
        if (IsValidNewGRFImageIndex<VEH_SHIP>(spriteid)) {
          svi->image_index = spriteid;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "ShipVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid Sprite {} specified, ignoring", orig_spriteid);
          svi->image_index = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Refittable
        svi->old_refittable = (buf.ReadByte() != 0);
        break;
 
      case PROP_SHIP_COST_FACTOR: // 0x0A Cost factor
        svi->cost_factor = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_SHIP_SPEED: // 0x0B Speed (1 unit is 0.5 km-ish/h). Use 0x23 to achieve higher speeds.
        svi->max_speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: { // Cargo type
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (ctype == 0xFF) {
          /* 0xFF is specified as 'use first refittable' */
          ei->cargo_type = INVALID_CARGO;
        } else {
          /* Use translated cargo. Might result in INVALID_CARGO (first refittable), if cargo is not defined. */
          ei->cargo_type = GetCargoTranslation(ctype, _cur.grffile);
          if (ei->cargo_type == INVALID_CARGO) GrfMsg(2, "ShipVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid cargo type {}, using first refittable", ctype);
        }
        ei->cargo_label = CT_INVALID;
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_SHIP_CARGO_CAPACITY: // 0x0D Cargo capacity
        svi->capacity = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case PROP_SHIP_RUNNING_COST_FACTOR: // 0x0F Running cost factor
        svi->running_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // SFX
        svi->sfx = GetNewGRFSoundID(_cur.grffile, buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x11: { // Cargoes available for refitting
        uint32_t mask = buf.ReadDWord();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(mask != 0);
        ei->refit_mask = TranslateRefitMask(mask);
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x12: { // Callback mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 0, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x13: // Refit cost
        ei->refit_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: // Ocean speed fraction
        svi->ocean_speed_frac = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x15: // Canal speed fraction
        svi->canal_speed_frac = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Retire vehicle early
        ei->retire_early = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Miscellaneous flags
        ei->misc_flags = static_cast<EngineMiscFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        _loaded_newgrf_features.has_2CC |= ei->misc_flags.Test(EngineMiscFlag::Uses2CC);
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // Cargo classes allowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(_gted[e->index].cargo_allowed.Any());
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
 
      case 0x19: // Cargo classes disallowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_disallowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(false);
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Long format introduction date (days since year 0)
        ei->base_intro = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Alter purchase list sort order
        AlterVehicleListOrder(e->index, buf.ReadExtendedByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Visual effect
        svi->visual_effect = buf.ReadByte();
        /* Avoid accidentally setting visual_effect to the default value
         * Since bit 6 (disable effects) is set anyways, we can safely erase some bits. */
        if (svi->visual_effect == VE_DEFAULT) {
          assert(HasBit(svi->visual_effect, VE_DISABLE_EFFECT));
          SB(svi->visual_effect, VE_TYPE_START, VE_TYPE_COUNT, 0);
        }
        break;
 
      case PROP_SHIP_CARGO_AGE_PERIOD: // 0x1D Cargo aging period
        ei->cargo_age_period = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1E:   // CTT refit include list
      case 0x1F: { // CTT refit exclude list
        uint8_t count = buf.ReadByte();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(prop == 0x1E && count != 0);
        if (prop == 0x1E) _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        CargoTypes &ctt = prop == 0x1E ? _gted[e->index].ctt_include_mask : _gted[e->index].ctt_exclude_mask;
        ctt = 0;
        while (count--) {
          CargoType ctype = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          if (IsValidCargoType(ctype)) SetBit(ctt, ctype);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x20: // Engine variant
        ei->variant_id = static_cast<EngineID>(buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x21: // Extra miscellaneous flags
        ei->extra_flags = static_cast<ExtraEngineFlags>(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x22: { // Callback additional mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 8, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x23: // Speed (1 unit is 0.5 km-ish/h)
        svi->max_speed = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x24: // Acceleration (1 unit is 0.5 km-ish/h per tick)
        svi->acceleration = std::max<uint8_t>(1, buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x25: // Cargo classes required for a refit.
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed_required = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x26: // Badge list
        e->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_SHIPS);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CommonVehicleChangeInfo(ei, prop, buf);
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult AircraftVehicleChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    Engine *e = GetNewEngine(_cur.grffile, VEH_AIRCRAFT, id);
    if (e == nullptr) return CIR_INVALID_ID; // No engine could be allocated, so neither can any next vehicles
 
    EngineInfo *ei = &e->info;
    AircraftVehicleInfo *avi = &e->u.air;
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Sprite ID
        uint8_t spriteid = buf.ReadByte();
        uint8_t orig_spriteid = spriteid;
 
        /* aircraft have different custom id in the GRF file */
        if (spriteid == 0xFF) spriteid = 0xFD;
 
        if (spriteid < 0xFD) spriteid >>= 1;
 
        if (IsValidNewGRFImageIndex<VEH_AIRCRAFT>(spriteid)) {
          avi->image_index = spriteid;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "AircraftVehicleChangeInfo: Invalid Sprite {} specified, ignoring", orig_spriteid);
          avi->image_index = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Helicopter
        if (buf.ReadByte() == 0) {
          avi->subtype = AIR_HELI;
        } else {
          SB(avi->subtype, 0, 1, 1); // AIR_CTOL
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // Large
        AssignBit(avi->subtype, 1, buf.ReadByte() != 0); // AIR_FAST
        break;
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_COST_FACTOR: // 0x0B Cost factor
        avi->cost_factor = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_SPEED: // 0x0C Speed (1 unit is 8 mph, we translate to 1 unit is 1 km-ish/h)
        avi->max_speed = (buf.ReadByte() * 128) / 10;
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // Acceleration
        avi->acceleration = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_RUNNING_COST_FACTOR: // 0x0E Running cost factor
        avi->running_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_PASSENGER_CAPACITY: // 0x0F Passenger capacity
        avi->passenger_capacity = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_MAIL_CAPACITY: // 0x11 Mail capacity
        avi->mail_capacity = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // SFX
        avi->sfx = GetNewGRFSoundID(_cur.grffile, buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x13: { // Cargoes available for refitting
        uint32_t mask = buf.ReadDWord();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(mask != 0);
        ei->refit_mask = TranslateRefitMask(mask);
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x14: { // Callback mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 0, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x15: // Refit cost
        ei->refit_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Retire vehicle early
        ei->retire_early = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Miscellaneous flags
        ei->misc_flags = static_cast<EngineMiscFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        _loaded_newgrf_features.has_2CC |= ei->misc_flags.Test(EngineMiscFlag::Uses2CC);
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // Cargo classes allowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(_gted[e->index].cargo_allowed.Any());
        _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        break;
 
      case 0x19: // Cargo classes disallowed
        _gted[e->index].cargo_disallowed = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(false);
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Long format introduction date (days since year 0)
        ei->base_intro = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Alter purchase list sort order
        AlterVehicleListOrder(e->index, buf.ReadExtendedByte());
        break;
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_CARGO_AGE_PERIOD: // 0x1C Cargo aging period
        ei->cargo_age_period = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1D:   // CTT refit include list
      case 0x1E: { // CTT refit exclude list
        uint8_t count = buf.ReadByte();
        _gted[e->index].UpdateRefittability(prop == 0x1D && count != 0);
        if (prop == 0x1D) _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf = _cur.grffile;
        CargoTypes &ctt = prop == 0x1D ? _gted[e->index].ctt_include_mask : _gted[e->index].ctt_exclude_mask;
        ctt = 0;
        while (count--) {
          CargoType ctype = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          if (IsValidCargoType(ctype)) SetBit(ctt, ctype);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case PROP_AIRCRAFT_RANGE: // 0x1F Max aircraft range
        avi->max_range = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x20: // Engine variant
        ei->variant_id = static_cast<EngineID>(buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x21: // Extra miscellaneous flags
        ei->extra_flags = static_cast<ExtraEngineFlags>(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x22: { // Callback additional mask
        auto mask = ei->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 8, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        ei->callback_mask = VehicleCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x23: // Cargo classes required for a refit.
        _gted[e->index].cargo_allowed_required = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x24: // Badge list
        e->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_AIRCRAFT);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CommonVehicleChangeInfo(ei, prop, buf);
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult StationChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_STATIONS_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "StationChangeInfo: Station {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, NUM_STATIONS_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate station specs if necessary */
  if (_cur.grffile->stations.size() < last) _cur.grffile->stations.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &statspec = _cur.grffile->stations[id];
 
    /* Check that the station we are modifying is defined. */
    if (statspec == nullptr && prop != 0x08) {
      GrfMsg(2, "StationChangeInfo: Attempt to modify undefined station {}, ignoring", id);
      return CIR_INVALID_ID;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Class ID
        /* Property 0x08 is special; it is where the station is allocated */
        if (statspec == nullptr) {
          statspec = std::make_unique<StationSpec>();
        }
 
        /* Swap classid because we read it in BE meaning WAYP or DFLT */
        uint32_t classid = buf.ReadDWord();
        statspec->class_index = StationClass::Allocate(std::byteswap(classid));
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: { // Define sprite layout
        uint16_t tiles = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
        statspec->renderdata.clear(); // delete earlier loaded stuff
        statspec->renderdata.reserve(tiles);
 
        for (uint t = 0; t < tiles; t++) {
          NewGRFSpriteLayout *dts = &statspec->renderdata.emplace_back();
          dts->consistent_max_offset = UINT16_MAX; // Spritesets are unknown, so no limit.
 
          if (buf.HasData(4) && buf.PeekDWord() == 0) {
            buf.Skip(4);
            extern const DrawTileSpriteSpan _station_display_datas_rail[8];
            const DrawTileSpriteSpan &dtss = _station_display_datas_rail[t % 8];
            dts->ground = dtss.ground;
            dts->seq.insert(dts->seq.end(), dtss.GetSequence().begin(), dtss.GetSequence().end());
            continue;
          }
 
          ReadSpriteLayoutSprite(buf, false, false, false, GSF_STATIONS, &dts->ground);
          /* On error, bail out immediately. Temporary GRF data was already freed */
          if (_cur.skip_sprites < 0) return CIR_DISABLED;
 
          std::vector<DrawTileSeqStruct> tmp_layout;
          for (;;) {
            uint8_t delta_x = buf.ReadByte();
            if (delta_x == 0x80) break;
 
            /* no relative bounding box support */
            DrawTileSeqStruct &dtss = tmp_layout.emplace_back();
            dtss.delta_x = delta_x;
            dtss.delta_y = buf.ReadByte();
            dtss.delta_z = buf.ReadByte();
            dtss.size_x = buf.ReadByte();
            dtss.size_y = buf.ReadByte();
            dtss.size_z = buf.ReadByte();
 
            ReadSpriteLayoutSprite(buf, false, true, false, GSF_STATIONS, &dtss.image);
            /* On error, bail out immediately. Temporary GRF data was already freed */
            if (_cur.skip_sprites < 0) return CIR_DISABLED;
          }
          dts->seq = std::move(tmp_layout);
        }
 
        /* Number of layouts must be even, alternating X and Y */
        if (statspec->renderdata.size() & 1) {
          GrfMsg(1, "StationChangeInfo: Station {} defines an odd number of sprite layouts, dropping the last item", id);
          statspec->renderdata.pop_back();
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: { // Copy sprite layout
        uint16_t srcid = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
        const StationSpec *srcstatspec = srcid >= _cur.grffile->stations.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->stations[srcid].get();
 
        if (srcstatspec == nullptr) {
          GrfMsg(1, "StationChangeInfo: Station {} is not defined, cannot copy sprite layout to {}.", srcid, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        statspec->renderdata.clear(); // delete earlier loaded stuff
        statspec->renderdata.reserve(srcstatspec->renderdata.size());
 
        for (const auto &it : srcstatspec->renderdata) {
          statspec->renderdata.emplace_back(it);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0B: // Callback mask
        statspec->callback_mask = static_cast<StationCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Disallowed number of platforms
        statspec->disallowed_platforms = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // Disallowed platform lengths
        statspec->disallowed_lengths = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Define custom layout
        while (buf.HasData()) {
          uint8_t length = buf.ReadByte();
          uint8_t number = buf.ReadByte();
 
          if (length == 0 || number == 0) break;
 
          const uint8_t *buf_layout = buf.ReadBytes(length * number);
 
          /* Create entry in layouts and assign the layout to it. */
          auto &layout = statspec->layouts[GetStationLayoutKey(number, length)];
          layout.assign(buf_layout, buf_layout + length * number);
 
          /* Ensure the first bit, axis, is zero. The rest of the value is validated during rendering, as we don't know the range yet. */
          for (auto &tile : layout) {
            if ((tile & ~1U) != tile) {
              GrfMsg(1, "StationChangeInfo: Invalid tile {} in layout {}x{}", tile, length, number);
              tile &= ~1U;
            }
          }
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: { // Copy custom layout
        uint16_t srcid = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
        const StationSpec *srcstatspec = srcid >= _cur.grffile->stations.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->stations[srcid].get();
 
        if (srcstatspec == nullptr) {
          GrfMsg(1, "StationChangeInfo: Station {} is not defined, cannot copy tile layout to {}.", srcid, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        statspec->layouts = srcstatspec->layouts;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x10: // Little/lots cargo threshold
        statspec->cargo_threshold = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x11: { // Pylon placement
        uint8_t pylons = buf.ReadByte();
        if (statspec->tileflags.size() < 8) statspec->tileflags.resize(8);
        for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
          if (HasBit(pylons, j)) {
            statspec->tileflags[j].Set(StationSpec::TileFlag::Pylons);
          } else {
            statspec->tileflags[j].Reset(StationSpec::TileFlag::Pylons);
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x12: // Cargo types for random triggers
        if (_cur.grffile->grf_version >= 7) {
          statspec->cargo_triggers = TranslateRefitMask(buf.ReadDWord());
        } else {
          statspec->cargo_triggers = (CargoTypes)buf.ReadDWord();
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // General flags
        statspec->flags = StationSpecFlags{buf.ReadByte()};
        break;
 
      case 0x14: { // Overhead wire placement
        uint8_t wires = buf.ReadByte();
        if (statspec->tileflags.size() < 8) statspec->tileflags.resize(8);
        for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
          if (HasBit(wires, j)) {
            statspec->tileflags[j].Set(StationSpec::TileFlag::NoWires);
          } else {
            statspec->tileflags[j].Reset(StationSpec::TileFlag::NoWires);
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x15: { // Blocked tiles
        uint8_t blocked = buf.ReadByte();
        if (statspec->tileflags.size() < 8) statspec->tileflags.resize(8);
        for (int j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
          if (HasBit(blocked, j)) {
            statspec->tileflags[j].Set(StationSpec::TileFlag::Blocked);
          } else {
            statspec->tileflags[j].Reset(StationSpec::TileFlag::Blocked);
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x16: // Animation info
        statspec->animation.frames = buf.ReadByte();
        statspec->animation.status = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Animation speed
        statspec->animation.speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // Animation triggers
        statspec->animation.triggers = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      /* 0x19 road routing (not implemented) */
 
      case 0x1A: { // Advanced sprite layout
        uint16_t tiles = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
        statspec->renderdata.clear(); // delete earlier loaded stuff
        statspec->renderdata.reserve(tiles);
 
        for (uint t = 0; t < tiles; t++) {
          NewGRFSpriteLayout *dts = &statspec->renderdata.emplace_back();
          uint num_building_sprites = buf.ReadByte();
          /* On error, bail out immediately. Temporary GRF data was already freed */
          if (ReadSpriteLayout(buf, num_building_sprites, false, GSF_STATIONS, true, false, dts)) return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
 
        /* Number of layouts must be even, alternating X and Y */
        if (statspec->renderdata.size() & 1) {
          GrfMsg(1, "StationChangeInfo: Station {} defines an odd number of sprite layouts, dropping the last item", id);
          statspec->renderdata.pop_back();
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1B: // Minimum bridge height (not implemented)
        buf.ReadWord();
        buf.ReadWord();
        buf.ReadWord();
        buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Station Name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &statspec->name);
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Station Class name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, [statspec = statspec.get()](StringID str) { StationClass::Get(statspec->class_index)->name = str; });
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: { // Extended tile flags (replaces prop 11, 14 and 15)
        uint16_t tiles = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
        auto flags = reinterpret_cast<const StationSpec::TileFlags *>(buf.ReadBytes(tiles));
        statspec->tileflags.assign(flags, flags + tiles);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1F: // Badge list
        statspec->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_STATIONS);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult CanalChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > CF_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "CanalChangeInfo: Canal feature 0x{:02X} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, CF_END);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    CanalProperties *cp = &_cur.grffile->canal_local_properties[id];
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08:
        cp->callback_mask = static_cast<CanalCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x09:
        cp->flags = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult BridgeChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > MAX_BRIDGES) {
    GrfMsg(1, "BridgeChangeInfo: Bridge {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, MAX_BRIDGES);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    BridgeSpec *bridge = &_bridge[id];
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Year of availability
        /* We treat '0' as always available */
        uint8_t year = buf.ReadByte();
        bridge->avail_year = (year > 0 ? CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR + year : TimerGameCalendar::Year{});
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Minimum length
        bridge->min_length = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // Maximum length
        bridge->max_length = buf.ReadByte();
        if (bridge->max_length > 16) bridge->max_length = UINT16_MAX;
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // Cost factor
        bridge->price = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Maximum speed
        bridge->speed = buf.ReadWord();
        if (bridge->speed == 0) bridge->speed = UINT16_MAX;
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: { // Bridge sprite tables
        uint8_t tableid = buf.ReadByte();
        uint8_t numtables = buf.ReadByte();
        size_t size = tableid + numtables;
 
        if (bridge->sprite_table.size() < size) {
          /* Allocate memory for sprite table pointers and zero out */
          bridge->sprite_table.resize(std::min<size_t>(size, NUM_BRIDGE_PIECES));
        }
 
        for (; numtables-- != 0; tableid++) {
          if (tableid >= NUM_BRIDGE_PIECES) { // skip invalid data
            GrfMsg(1, "BridgeChangeInfo: Table {} >= {}, skipping", tableid, NUM_BRIDGE_PIECES);
            for (uint8_t sprite = 0; sprite < SPRITES_PER_BRIDGE_PIECE; sprite++) buf.ReadDWord();
            continue;
          }
 
          if (bridge->sprite_table[tableid].empty()) {
            bridge->sprite_table[tableid].resize(SPRITES_PER_BRIDGE_PIECE);
          }
 
          for (uint8_t sprite = 0; sprite < SPRITES_PER_BRIDGE_PIECE; sprite++) {
            SpriteID image = buf.ReadWord();
            PaletteID pal  = buf.ReadWord();
 
            bridge->sprite_table[tableid][sprite].sprite = image;
            bridge->sprite_table[tableid][sprite].pal    = pal;
 
            MapSpriteMappingRecolour(&bridge->sprite_table[tableid][sprite]);
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0E: // Flags; bit 0 - disable far pillars
        bridge->flags = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Long format year of availability (year since year 0)
        bridge->avail_year = Clamp(TimerGameCalendar::Year(buf.ReadDWord()), CalendarTime::MIN_YEAR, CalendarTime::MAX_YEAR);
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // purchase string
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &bridge->material);
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // description of bridge with rails
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &bridge->transport_name[0]);
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // description of bridge with roads
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &bridge->transport_name[1]);
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // 16 bits cost multiplier
        bridge->price = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IgnoreTownHouseProperty(int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x09:
    case 0x0B:
    case 0x0C:
    case 0x0D:
    case 0x0E:
    case 0x0F:
    case 0x11:
    case 0x14:
    case 0x15:
    case 0x16:
    case 0x18:
    case 0x19:
    case 0x1A:
    case 0x1B:
    case 0x1C:
    case 0x1D:
    case 0x1F:
      buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x0A:
    case 0x10:
    case 0x12:
    case 0x13:
    case 0x21:
    case 0x22:
      buf.ReadWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x1E:
      buf.ReadDWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x17:
      for (uint j = 0; j < 4; j++) buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x20: {
      uint8_t count = buf.ReadByte();
      for (uint8_t j = 0; j < count; j++) buf.ReadByte();
      break;
    }
 
    case 0x23:
      buf.Skip(buf.ReadByte() * 2);
      break;
 
    default:
      ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
      break;
  }
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult TownHouseChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_HOUSES_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "TownHouseChangeInfo: Too many houses loaded ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, NUM_HOUSES_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate house specs if they haven't been allocated already. */
  if (_cur.grffile->housespec.size() < last) _cur.grffile->housespec.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &housespec = _cur.grffile->housespec[id];
 
    if (prop != 0x08 && housespec == nullptr) {
      /* If the house property 08 is not yet set, ignore this property */
      ChangeInfoResult cir = IgnoreTownHouseProperty(prop, buf);
      if (cir > ret) ret = cir;
      continue;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Substitute building type, and definition of a new house
        uint8_t subs_id = buf.ReadByte();
        if (subs_id == 0xFF) {
          /* Instead of defining a new house, a substitute house id
           * of 0xFF disables the old house with the current id. */
          if (id < NEW_HOUSE_OFFSET) HouseSpec::Get(id)->enabled = false;
          continue;
        } else if (subs_id >= NEW_HOUSE_OFFSET) {
          /* The substitute id must be one of the original houses. */
          GrfMsg(2, "TownHouseChangeInfo: Attempt to use new house {} as substitute house for {}. Ignoring.", subs_id, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        /* Allocate space for this house. */
        if (housespec == nullptr) {
          /* Only the first property 08 setting copies properties; if you later change it, properties will stay. */
          housespec = std::make_unique<HouseSpec>(*HouseSpec::Get(subs_id));
 
          housespec->enabled = true;
          housespec->grf_prop.local_id = id;
          housespec->grf_prop.subst_id = subs_id;
          housespec->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
          /* Set default colours for randomization, used if not overridden. */
          housespec->random_colour[0] = COLOUR_RED;
          housespec->random_colour[1] = COLOUR_BLUE;
          housespec->random_colour[2] = COLOUR_ORANGE;
          housespec->random_colour[3] = COLOUR_GREEN;
 
          /* House flags 40 and 80 are exceptions; these flags are never set automatically. */
          housespec->building_flags.Reset(BuildingFlag::IsChurch).Reset(BuildingFlag::IsStadium);
 
          /* Make sure that the third cargo type is valid in this
           * climate. This can cause problems when copying the properties
           * of a house that accepts food, where the new house is valid
           * in the temperate climate. */
          CargoType cargo_type = housespec->accepts_cargo[2];
          if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo_type)) cargo_type = GetCargoTypeByLabel(housespec->accepts_cargo_label[2]);
          if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo_type)) {
            housespec->cargo_acceptance[2] = 0;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Building flags
        housespec->building_flags = (BuildingFlags)buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: { // Availability years
        uint16_t years = buf.ReadWord();
        housespec->min_year = GB(years, 0, 8) > 150 ? CalendarTime::MAX_YEAR : CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR + GB(years, 0, 8);
        housespec->max_year = GB(years, 8, 8) > 150 ? CalendarTime::MAX_YEAR : CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR + GB(years, 8, 8);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0B: // Population
        housespec->population = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Mail generation multiplier
        housespec->mail_generation = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // Passenger acceptance
      case 0x0E: // Mail acceptance
        housespec->cargo_acceptance[prop - 0x0D] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: { // Goods/candy, food/fizzy drinks acceptance
        int8_t goods = buf.ReadByte();
 
        /* If value of goods is negative, it means in fact food or, if in toyland, fizzy_drink acceptance.
         * Else, we have "standard" 3rd cargo type, goods or candy, for toyland once more */
        CargoType cargo_type = (goods >= 0) ? ((_settings_game.game_creation.landscape == LandscapeType::Toyland) ? GetCargoTypeByLabel(CT_CANDY) : GetCargoTypeByLabel(CT_GOODS)) :
            ((_settings_game.game_creation.landscape == LandscapeType::Toyland) ? GetCargoTypeByLabel(CT_FIZZY_DRINKS) : GetCargoTypeByLabel(CT_FOOD));
 
        /* Make sure the cargo type is valid in this climate. */
        if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo_type)) goods = 0;
 
        housespec->accepts_cargo[2] = cargo_type;
        housespec->accepts_cargo_label[2] = CT_INVALID;
        housespec->cargo_acceptance[2] = abs(goods); // but we do need positive value here
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x10: // Local authority rating decrease on removal
        housespec->remove_rating_decrease = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Removal cost multiplier
        housespec->removal_cost = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Building name ID
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &housespec->building_name);
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // Building availability mask
        housespec->building_availability = (HouseZones)buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: { // House callback mask
        auto mask = housespec->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 0, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        housespec->callback_mask = HouseCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x15: { // House override byte
        uint8_t override = buf.ReadByte();
 
        /* The house being overridden must be an original house. */
        if (override >= NEW_HOUSE_OFFSET) {
          GrfMsg(2, "TownHouseChangeInfo: Attempt to override new house {} with house id {}. Ignoring.", override, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        _house_mngr.Add(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, override);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x16: // Periodic refresh multiplier
        housespec->processing_time = std::min<uint8_t>(buf.ReadByte(), 63u);
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Four random colours to use
        for (uint j = 0; j < 4; j++) housespec->random_colour[j] = static_cast<Colours>(GB(buf.ReadByte(), 0, 4));
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // Relative probability of appearing
        housespec->probability = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x19: // Extra flags
        housespec->extra_flags = static_cast<HouseExtraFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Animation frames
        housespec->animation.frames = buf.ReadByte();
        housespec->animation.status = GB(housespec->animation.frames, 7, 1);
        SB(housespec->animation.frames, 7, 1, 0);
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Animation speed
        housespec->animation.speed = Clamp(buf.ReadByte(), 2, 16);
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Class of the building type
        housespec->class_id = AllocateHouseClassID(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile->grfid);
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: { // Callback mask part 2
        auto mask = housespec->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, 8, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        housespec->callback_mask = HouseCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1E: { // Accepted cargo types
        uint32_t cargotypes = buf.ReadDWord();
 
        /* Check if the cargo types should not be changed */
        if (cargotypes == 0xFFFFFFFF) break;
 
        for (uint j = 0; j < HOUSE_ORIGINAL_NUM_ACCEPTS; j++) {
          /* Get the cargo number from the 'list' */
          uint8_t cargo_part = GB(cargotypes, 8 * j, 8);
          CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(cargo_part, _cur.grffile);
 
          if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo)) {
            /* Disable acceptance of invalid cargo type */
            housespec->cargo_acceptance[j] = 0;
          } else {
            housespec->accepts_cargo[j] = cargo;
          }
          housespec->accepts_cargo_label[j] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1F: // Minimum life span
        housespec->minimum_life = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x20: { // Cargo acceptance watch list
        uint8_t count = buf.ReadByte();
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < count; j++) {
          CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          if (IsValidCargoType(cargo)) SetBit(housespec->watched_cargoes, cargo);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x21: // long introduction year
        housespec->min_year = TimerGameCalendar::Year{buf.ReadWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x22: // long maximum year
        housespec->max_year = TimerGameCalendar::Year{buf.ReadWord()};
        if (housespec->max_year == UINT16_MAX) housespec->max_year = CalendarTime::MAX_YEAR;
        break;
 
      case 0x23: { // variable length cargo types accepted
        uint count = buf.ReadByte();
        if (count > lengthof(housespec->accepts_cargo)) {
          GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LIST_PROPERTY_TOO_LONG);
          error->param_value[1] = prop;
          return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
        /* Always write the full accepts_cargo array, and check each index for being inside the
         * provided data. This ensures all values are properly initialized, and also avoids
         * any risks of array overrun. */
        for (uint i = 0; i < lengthof(housespec->accepts_cargo); i++) {
          if (i < count) {
            housespec->accepts_cargo[i] = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
            housespec->cargo_acceptance[i] = buf.ReadByte();
          } else {
            housespec->accepts_cargo[i] = INVALID_CARGO;
            housespec->cargo_acceptance[i] = 0;
          }
          if (i < std::size(housespec->accepts_cargo_label)) housespec->accepts_cargo_label[i] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x24: // Badge list
        housespec->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_HOUSES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
/* static */ const LanguageMap *LanguageMap::GetLanguageMap(uint32_t grfid, uint8_t language_id)
{
  /* LanguageID "MAX_LANG", i.e. 7F is any. This language can't have a gender/case mapping, but has to be handled gracefully. */
  const GRFFile *grffile = GetFileByGRFID(grfid);
  if (grffile == nullptr) return nullptr;
 
  auto it = grffile->language_map.find(language_id);
  if (it == std::end(grffile->language_map)) return nullptr;
 
  return &it->second;
}
 
template <typename T, typename TGetTableFunc>
static ChangeInfoResult LoadTranslationTable(uint first, uint last, ByteReader &buf, TGetTableFunc gettable, std::string_view name)
{
  if (first != 0) {
    GrfMsg(1, "LoadTranslationTable: {} translation table must start at zero", name);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  std::vector<T> &translation_table = gettable(*_cur.grffile);
  translation_table.clear();
  translation_table.reserve(last);
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    translation_table.push_back(T(std::byteswap(buf.ReadDWord())));
  }
 
  GRFFile *grf_override = GetCurrentGRFOverride();
  if (grf_override != nullptr) {
    /* GRF override is present, copy the translation table to the overridden GRF as well. */
    GrfMsg(1, "LoadTranslationTable: Copying {} translation table to override GRFID '{}'", name, std::byteswap(grf_override->grfid));
    std::vector<T> &override_table = gettable(*grf_override);
    override_table = translation_table;
  }
 
  return CIR_SUCCESS;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult LoadBadgeTranslationTable(uint first, uint last, ByteReader &buf, std::vector<BadgeID> &translation_table, const char *name)
{
  if (first != 0 && first != std::size(translation_table)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "LoadBadgeTranslationTable: {} translation table must start at zero or {}", name, std::size(translation_table));
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  if (first == 0) translation_table.clear();
  translation_table.reserve(last);
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    std::string_view label = buf.ReadString();
    translation_table.push_back(GetOrCreateBadge(label).index);
  }
 
  return CIR_SUCCESS;
}
 
static std::string ReadDWordAsString(ByteReader &reader)
{
  std::string output;
  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) output.push_back(reader.ReadByte());
  return StrMakeValid(output);
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult GlobalVarChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* Properties which are handled as a whole */
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x09: // Cargo Translation Table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined cargos)
      return LoadTranslationTable<CargoLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<CargoLabel> & { return grf.cargo_list; }, "Cargo");
 
    case 0x12: // Rail type translation table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined railtypes)
      return LoadTranslationTable<RailTypeLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<RailTypeLabel> & { return grf.railtype_list; }, "Rail type");
 
    case 0x16: // Road type translation table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined roadtypes)
      return LoadTranslationTable<RoadTypeLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<RoadTypeLabel> & { return grf.roadtype_list; }, "Road type");
 
    case 0x17: // Tram type translation table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined tramtypes)
      return LoadTranslationTable<RoadTypeLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<RoadTypeLabel> & { return grf.tramtype_list; }, "Tram type");
 
    case 0x18: // Badge translation table
      return LoadBadgeTranslationTable(first, last, buf, _cur.grffile->badge_list, "Badge");
 
    default:
      break;
  }
 
  /* Properties which are handled per item */
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Cost base factor
        int factor = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (id < PR_END) {
          _cur.grffile->price_base_multipliers[id] = std::min<int>(factor - 8, MAX_PRICE_MODIFIER);
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Price {} out of range, ignoring", id);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: { // Currency display names
        uint curidx = GetNewgrfCurrencyIdConverted(id);
        if (curidx < CURRENCY_END) {
          AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, [curidx](StringID str) {
            _currency_specs[curidx].name = str;
            _currency_specs[curidx].code.clear();
          });
        } else {
          buf.ReadWord();
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0B: { // Currency multipliers
        uint curidx = GetNewgrfCurrencyIdConverted(id);
        uint32_t rate = buf.ReadDWord();
 
        if (curidx < CURRENCY_END) {
          /* TTDPatch uses a multiple of 1000 for its conversion calculations,
           * which OTTD does not. For this reason, divide grf value by 1000,
           * to be compatible */
          _currency_specs[curidx].rate = rate / 1000;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Currency multipliers {} out of range, ignoring", curidx);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0C: { // Currency options
        uint curidx = GetNewgrfCurrencyIdConverted(id);
        uint16_t options = buf.ReadWord();
 
        if (curidx < CURRENCY_END) {
          _currency_specs[curidx].separator.clear();
          _currency_specs[curidx].separator.push_back(GB(options, 0, 8));
          /* By specifying only one bit, we prevent errors,
           * since newgrf specs said that only 0 and 1 can be set for symbol_pos */
          _currency_specs[curidx].symbol_pos = GB(options, 8, 1);
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Currency option {} out of range, ignoring", curidx);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0D: { // Currency prefix symbol
        uint curidx = GetNewgrfCurrencyIdConverted(id);
        std::string prefix = ReadDWordAsString(buf);
 
        if (curidx < CURRENCY_END) {
          _currency_specs[curidx].prefix = prefix;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Currency symbol {} out of range, ignoring", curidx);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0E: { // Currency suffix symbol
        uint curidx = GetNewgrfCurrencyIdConverted(id);
        std::string suffix = ReadDWordAsString(buf);
 
        if (curidx < CURRENCY_END) {
          _currency_specs[curidx].suffix = suffix;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Currency symbol {} out of range, ignoring", curidx);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0F: { //  Euro introduction dates
        uint curidx = GetNewgrfCurrencyIdConverted(id);
        TimerGameCalendar::Year year_euro{buf.ReadWord()};
 
        if (curidx < CURRENCY_END) {
          _currency_specs[curidx].to_euro = year_euro;
        } else {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Euro intro date {} out of range, ignoring", curidx);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x10: // Snow line height table
        if (last > 1 || IsSnowLineSet()) {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: The snowline can only be set once ({})", last);
        } else if (buf.Remaining() < SNOW_LINE_MONTHS * SNOW_LINE_DAYS) {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Not enough entries set in the snowline table ({})", buf.Remaining());
        } else {
          auto snow_line = std::make_unique<SnowLine>();
 
          for (uint i = 0; i < SNOW_LINE_MONTHS; i++) {
            for (uint j = 0; j < SNOW_LINE_DAYS; j++) {
              uint8_t &level = snow_line->table[i][j];
              level = buf.ReadByte();
              if (_cur.grffile->grf_version >= 8) {
                if (level != 0xFF) level = level * (1 + _settings_game.construction.map_height_limit) / 256;
              } else {
                if (level >= 128) {
                  /* no snow */
                  level = 0xFF;
                } else {
                  level = level * (1 + _settings_game.construction.map_height_limit) / 128;
                }
              }
 
              snow_line->highest_value = std::max(snow_line->highest_value, level);
              snow_line->lowest_value = std::min(snow_line->lowest_value, level);
            }
          }
          SetSnowLine(std::move(snow_line));
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // GRF match for engine allocation
        /* This is loaded during the reservation stage, so just skip it here. */
        /* Each entry is 8 bytes. */
        buf.Skip(8);
        break;
 
      case 0x13:   // Gender translation table
      case 0x14:   // Case translation table
      case 0x15: { // Plural form translation
        uint curidx = id; // The current index, i.e. language.
        const LanguageMetadata *lang = curidx < MAX_LANG ? GetLanguage(curidx) : nullptr;
        if (lang == nullptr) {
          GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Language {} is not known, ignoring", curidx);
          /* Skip over the data. */
          if (prop == 0x15) {
            buf.ReadByte();
          } else {
            while (buf.ReadByte() != 0) {
              buf.ReadString();
            }
          }
          break;
        }
 
        if (prop == 0x15) {
          uint plural_form = buf.ReadByte();
          if (plural_form >= LANGUAGE_MAX_PLURAL) {
            GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChanceInfo: Plural form {} is out of range, ignoring", plural_form);
          } else {
            _cur.grffile->language_map[curidx].plural_form = plural_form;
          }
          break;
        }
 
        uint8_t newgrf_id = buf.ReadByte(); // The NewGRF (custom) identifier.
        while (newgrf_id != 0) {
          std::string_view name = buf.ReadString(); // The name for the OpenTTD identifier.
 
          /* We'll just ignore the UTF8 identifier character. This is (fairly)
           * safe as OpenTTD's strings gender/cases are usually in ASCII which
           * is just a subset of UTF8, or they need the bigger UTF8 characters
           * such as Cyrillic. Thus we will simply assume they're all UTF8. */
          char32_t c;
          size_t len = Utf8Decode(&c, name.data());
          if (c == NFO_UTF8_IDENTIFIER) name = name.substr(len);
 
          LanguageMap::Mapping map;
          map.newgrf_id = newgrf_id;
          if (prop == 0x13) {
            map.openttd_id = lang->GetGenderIndex(name.data());
            if (map.openttd_id >= MAX_NUM_GENDERS) {
              GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Gender name {} is not known, ignoring", StrMakeValid(name));
            } else {
              _cur.grffile->language_map[curidx].gender_map.push_back(map);
            }
          } else {
            map.openttd_id = lang->GetCaseIndex(name.data());
            if (map.openttd_id >= MAX_NUM_CASES) {
              GrfMsg(1, "GlobalVarChangeInfo: Case name {} is not known, ignoring", StrMakeValid(name));
            } else {
              _cur.grffile->language_map[curidx].case_map.push_back(map);
            }
          }
          newgrf_id = buf.ReadByte();
        }
        break;
      }
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult GlobalVarReserveInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* Properties which are handled as a whole */
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x09: // Cargo Translation Table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined cargos)
      return LoadTranslationTable<CargoLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<CargoLabel> & { return grf.cargo_list; }, "Cargo");
 
    case 0x12: // Rail type translation table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined railtypes)
      return LoadTranslationTable<RailTypeLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<RailTypeLabel> & { return grf.railtype_list; }, "Rail type");
 
    case 0x16: // Road type translation table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined roadtypes)
      return LoadTranslationTable<RoadTypeLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<RoadTypeLabel> & { return grf.roadtype_list; }, "Road type");
 
    case 0x17: // Tram type translation table; loading during both reservation and activation stage (in case it is selected depending on defined tramtypes)
      return LoadTranslationTable<RoadTypeLabel>(first, last, buf, [](GRFFile &grf) -> std::vector<RoadTypeLabel> & { return grf.tramtype_list; }, "Tram type");
 
    case 0x18: // Badge translation table
      return LoadBadgeTranslationTable(first, last, buf, _cur.grffile->badge_list, "Badge");
 
    default:
      break;
  }
 
  /* Properties which are handled per item */
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: // Cost base factor
      case 0x15: // Plural form translation
        buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // Currency display names
      case 0x0C: // Currency options
      case 0x0F: // Euro introduction dates
        buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // Currency multipliers
      case 0x0D: // Currency prefix symbol
      case 0x0E: // Currency suffix symbol
        buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Snow line height table
        buf.Skip(SNOW_LINE_MONTHS * SNOW_LINE_DAYS);
        break;
 
      case 0x11: { // GRF match for engine allocation
        uint32_t s = buf.ReadDWord();
        uint32_t t = buf.ReadDWord();
        SetNewGRFOverride(s, t);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x13: // Gender translation table
      case 0x14: // Case translation table
        while (buf.ReadByte() != 0) {
          buf.ReadString();
        }
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
 
static ChangeInfoResult CargoChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_CARGO) {
    GrfMsg(2, "CargoChangeInfo: Cargo type {} out of range (max {})", last, NUM_CARGO - 1);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    CargoSpec *cs = CargoSpec::Get(id);
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: // Bit number of cargo
        cs->bitnum = buf.ReadByte();
        if (cs->IsValid()) {
          cs->grffile = _cur.grffile;
          SetBit(_cargo_mask, id);
        } else {
          ClrBit(_cargo_mask, id);
        }
        BuildCargoLabelMap();
        break;
 
      case 0x09: // String ID for cargo type name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &cs->name);
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // String for 1 unit of cargo
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &cs->name_single);
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // String for singular quantity of cargo (e.g. 1 tonne of coal)
      case 0x1B: // String for cargo units
        /* String for units of cargo. This is different in OpenTTD
         * (e.g. tonnes) to TTDPatch (e.g. {COMMA} tonne of coal).
         * Property 1B is used to set OpenTTD's behaviour. */
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &cs->units_volume);
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // String for plural quantity of cargo (e.g. 10 tonnes of coal)
      case 0x1C: // String for any amount of cargo
        /* Strings for an amount of cargo. This is different in OpenTTD
         * (e.g. {WEIGHT} of coal) to TTDPatch (e.g. {COMMA} tonnes of coal).
         * Property 1C is used to set OpenTTD's behaviour. */
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &cs->quantifier);
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // String for two letter cargo abbreviation
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &cs->abbrev);
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Sprite ID for cargo icon
        cs->sprite = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Weight of one unit of cargo
        cs->weight = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Used for payment calculation
        cs->transit_periods[0] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Used for payment calculation
        cs->transit_periods[1] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Base cargo price
        cs->initial_payment = buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // Colour for station rating bars
        cs->rating_colour = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: // Colour for cargo graph
        cs->legend_colour = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x15: // Freight status
        cs->is_freight = (buf.ReadByte() != 0);
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Cargo classes
        cs->classes = CargoClasses{buf.ReadWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Cargo label
        cs->label = CargoLabel{std::byteswap(buf.ReadDWord())};
        BuildCargoLabelMap();
        break;
 
      case 0x18: { // Town growth substitute type
        uint8_t substitute_type = buf.ReadByte();
 
        switch (substitute_type) {
          case 0x00: cs->town_acceptance_effect = TAE_PASSENGERS; break;
          case 0x02: cs->town_acceptance_effect = TAE_MAIL; break;
          case 0x05: cs->town_acceptance_effect = TAE_GOODS; break;
          case 0x09: cs->town_acceptance_effect = TAE_WATER; break;
          case 0x0B: cs->town_acceptance_effect = TAE_FOOD; break;
          default:
            GrfMsg(1, "CargoChangeInfo: Unknown town growth substitute value {}, setting to none.", substitute_type);
            [[fallthrough]];
          case 0xFF: cs->town_acceptance_effect = TAE_NONE; break;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x19: // Town growth coefficient
        buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Bitmask of callbacks to use
        cs->callback_mask = static_cast<CargoCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Vehicle capacity muliplier
        cs->multiplier = std::max<uint16_t>(1u, buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: { // Town production substitute type
        uint8_t substitute_type = buf.ReadByte();
 
        switch (substitute_type) {
          case 0x00: cs->town_production_effect = TPE_PASSENGERS; break;
          case 0x02: cs->town_production_effect = TPE_MAIL; break;
          default:
            GrfMsg(1, "CargoChangeInfo: Unknown town production substitute value {}, setting to none.", substitute_type);
            [[fallthrough]];
          case 0xFF: cs->town_production_effect = TPE_NONE; break;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x1F: // Town production multiplier
        cs->town_production_multiplier = std::max<uint16_t>(1U, buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
 
static ChangeInfoResult SoundEffectChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (_cur.grffile->sound_offset == 0) {
    GrfMsg(1, "SoundEffectChangeInfo: No effects defined, skipping");
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  if (last - ORIGINAL_SAMPLE_COUNT > _cur.grffile->num_sounds) {
    GrfMsg(1, "SoundEffectChangeInfo: Attempting to change undefined sound effect ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, ORIGINAL_SAMPLE_COUNT + _cur.grffile->num_sounds);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    SoundEntry *sound = GetSound(first + _cur.grffile->sound_offset - ORIGINAL_SAMPLE_COUNT);
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: // Relative volume
        sound->volume = Clamp(buf.ReadByte(), 0, SOUND_EFFECT_MAX_VOLUME);
        break;
 
      case 0x09: // Priority
        sound->priority = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: { // Override old sound
        SoundID orig_sound = buf.ReadByte();
 
        if (orig_sound >= ORIGINAL_SAMPLE_COUNT) {
          GrfMsg(1, "SoundEffectChangeInfo: Original sound {} not defined (max {})", orig_sound, ORIGINAL_SAMPLE_COUNT);
        } else {
          SoundEntry *old_sound = GetSound(orig_sound);
 
          /* Literally copy the data of the new sound over the original */
          *old_sound = *sound;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IgnoreIndustryTileProperty(int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x09:
    case 0x0D:
    case 0x0E:
    case 0x10:
    case 0x11:
    case 0x12:
      buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x0A:
    case 0x0B:
    case 0x0C:
    case 0x0F:
      buf.ReadWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x13:
      buf.Skip(buf.ReadByte() * 2);
      break;
 
    default:
      ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
      break;
  }
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IndustrytilesChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_INDUSTRYTILES_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "IndustryTilesChangeInfo: Too many industry tiles loaded ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, NUM_INDUSTRYTILES_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate industry tile specs if they haven't been allocated already. */
  if (_cur.grffile->indtspec.size() < last) _cur.grffile->indtspec.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &tsp = _cur.grffile->indtspec[id];
 
    if (prop != 0x08 && tsp == nullptr) {
      ChangeInfoResult cir = IgnoreIndustryTileProperty(prop, buf);
      if (cir > ret) ret = cir;
      continue;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Substitute industry tile type
        uint8_t subs_id = buf.ReadByte();
        if (subs_id >= NEW_INDUSTRYTILEOFFSET) {
          /* The substitute id must be one of the original industry tile. */
          GrfMsg(2, "IndustryTilesChangeInfo: Attempt to use new industry tile {} as substitute industry tile for {}. Ignoring.", subs_id, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        /* Allocate space for this industry. */
        if (tsp == nullptr) {
          tsp = std::make_unique<IndustryTileSpec>(_industry_tile_specs[subs_id]);
 
          tsp->enabled = true;
 
          /* A copied tile should not have the animation infos copied too.
           * The anim_state should be left untouched, though
           * It is up to the author to animate them */
          tsp->anim_production = INDUSTRYTILE_NOANIM;
          tsp->anim_next = INDUSTRYTILE_NOANIM;
 
          tsp->grf_prop.local_id = id;
          tsp->grf_prop.subst_id = subs_id;
          tsp->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
          _industile_mngr.AddEntityID(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, subs_id); // pre-reserve the tile slot
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: { // Industry tile override
        uint8_t ovrid = buf.ReadByte();
 
        /* The industry being overridden must be an original industry. */
        if (ovrid >= NEW_INDUSTRYTILEOFFSET) {
          GrfMsg(2, "IndustryTilesChangeInfo: Attempt to override new industry tile {} with industry tile id {}. Ignoring.", ovrid, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        _industile_mngr.Add(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, ovrid);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: // Tile acceptance
      case 0x0B:
      case 0x0C: {
        uint16_t acctp = buf.ReadWord();
        tsp->accepts_cargo[prop - 0x0A] = GetCargoTranslation(GB(acctp, 0, 8), _cur.grffile);
        tsp->acceptance[prop - 0x0A] = Clamp(GB(acctp, 8, 8), 0, 16);
        tsp->accepts_cargo_label[prop - 0x0A] = CT_INVALID;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0D: // Land shape flags
        tsp->slopes_refused = (Slope)buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Callback mask
        tsp->callback_mask = static_cast<IndustryTileCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Animation information
        tsp->animation.frames = buf.ReadByte();
        tsp->animation.status = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Animation speed
        tsp->animation.speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Triggers for callback 25
        tsp->animation.triggers = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Special flags
        tsp->special_flags = IndustryTileSpecialFlags{buf.ReadByte()};
        break;
 
      case 0x13: { // variable length cargo acceptance
        uint8_t num_cargoes = buf.ReadByte();
        if (num_cargoes > std::size(tsp->acceptance)) {
          GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LIST_PROPERTY_TOO_LONG);
          error->param_value[1] = prop;
          return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
        for (uint i = 0; i < std::size(tsp->acceptance); i++) {
          if (i < num_cargoes) {
            tsp->accepts_cargo[i] = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
            /* Tile acceptance can be negative to counteract the IndustryTileSpecialFlag::AcceptsAllCargo flag */
            tsp->acceptance[i] = (int8_t)buf.ReadByte();
          } else {
            tsp->accepts_cargo[i] = INVALID_CARGO;
            tsp->acceptance[i] = 0;
          }
          if (i < std::size(tsp->accepts_cargo_label)) tsp->accepts_cargo_label[i] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x14: // Badge list
        tsp->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_INDUSTRYTILES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IgnoreIndustryProperty(int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x09:
    case 0x0B:
    case 0x0F:
    case 0x12:
    case 0x13:
    case 0x14:
    case 0x17:
    case 0x18:
    case 0x19:
    case 0x21:
    case 0x22:
      buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x0C:
    case 0x0D:
    case 0x0E:
    case 0x10: // INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_OUTPUTS bytes
    case 0x1B:
    case 0x1F:
    case 0x24:
      buf.ReadWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x11: // INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS bytes + 1
    case 0x1A:
    case 0x1C:
    case 0x1D:
    case 0x1E:
    case 0x20:
    case 0x23:
      buf.ReadDWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x0A: {
      uint8_t num_table = buf.ReadByte();
      for (uint8_t j = 0; j < num_table; j++) {
        for (uint k = 0;; k++) {
          uint8_t x = buf.ReadByte();
          if (x == 0xFE && k == 0) {
            buf.ReadByte();
            buf.ReadByte();
            break;
          }
 
          uint8_t y = buf.ReadByte();
          if (x == 0 && y == 0x80) break;
 
          uint8_t gfx = buf.ReadByte();
          if (gfx == 0xFE) buf.ReadWord();
        }
      }
      break;
    }
 
    case 0x16:
      for (uint8_t j = 0; j < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS; j++) buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x15:
    case 0x25:
    case 0x26:
    case 0x27:
      buf.Skip(buf.ReadByte());
      break;
 
    case 0x28: {
      int num_inputs = buf.ReadByte();
      int num_outputs = buf.ReadByte();
      buf.Skip(num_inputs * num_outputs * 2);
      break;
    }
 
    case 0x29: // Badge list
      SkipBadgeList(buf);
      break;
 
    default:
      ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
      break;
  }
  return ret;
}
 
static bool ValidateIndustryLayout(const IndustryTileLayout &layout)
{
  const size_t size = layout.size();
  if (size == 0) return false;
 
  for (size_t i = 0; i < size - 1; i++) {
    for (size_t j = i + 1; j < size; j++) {
      if (layout[i].ti.x == layout[j].ti.x &&
          layout[i].ti.y == layout[j].ti.y) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }
 
  bool have_regular_tile = false;
  for (const auto &tilelayout : layout) {
    if (tilelayout.gfx != GFX_WATERTILE_SPECIALCHECK) {
      have_regular_tile = true;
      break;
    }
  }
 
  return have_regular_tile;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IndustriesChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_INDUSTRYTYPES_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Too many industries loaded ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, NUM_INDUSTRYTYPES_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate industry specs if they haven't been allocated already. */
  if (_cur.grffile->industryspec.size() < last) _cur.grffile->industryspec.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &indsp = _cur.grffile->industryspec[id];
 
    if (prop != 0x08 && indsp == nullptr) {
      ChangeInfoResult cir = IgnoreIndustryProperty(prop, buf);
      if (cir > ret) ret = cir;
      continue;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Substitute industry type
        uint8_t subs_id = buf.ReadByte();
        if (subs_id == 0xFF) {
          /* Instead of defining a new industry, a substitute industry id
           * of 0xFF disables the old industry with the current id. */
          _industry_specs[id].enabled = false;
          continue;
        } else if (subs_id >= NEW_INDUSTRYOFFSET) {
          /* The substitute id must be one of the original industry. */
          GrfMsg(2, "_industry_specs: Attempt to use new industry {} as substitute industry for {}. Ignoring.", subs_id, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        /* Allocate space for this industry.
         * Only need to do it once. If ever it is called again, it should not
         * do anything */
        if (indsp == nullptr) {
          indsp = std::make_unique<IndustrySpec>(_origin_industry_specs[subs_id]);
 
          indsp->enabled = true;
          indsp->grf_prop.local_id = id;
          indsp->grf_prop.subst_id = subs_id;
          indsp->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
          /* If the grf industry needs to check its surrounding upon creation, it should
           * rely on callbacks, not on the original placement functions */
          indsp->check_proc = CHECK_NOTHING;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: { // Industry type override
        uint8_t ovrid = buf.ReadByte();
 
        /* The industry being overridden must be an original industry. */
        if (ovrid >= NEW_INDUSTRYOFFSET) {
          GrfMsg(2, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Attempt to override new industry {} with industry id {}. Ignoring.", ovrid, id);
          continue;
        }
        indsp->grf_prop.override = ovrid;
        _industry_mngr.Add(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, ovrid);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: { // Set industry layout(s)
        uint8_t new_num_layouts = buf.ReadByte();
        uint32_t definition_size = buf.ReadDWord();
        uint32_t bytes_read = 0;
        std::vector<IndustryTileLayout> new_layouts;
        IndustryTileLayout layout;
 
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < new_num_layouts; j++) {
          layout.clear();
          layout.reserve(new_num_layouts);
 
          for (uint k = 0;; k++) {
            if (bytes_read >= definition_size) {
              GrfMsg(3, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Incorrect size for industry tile layout definition for industry {}.", id);
              /* Avoid warning twice */
              definition_size = UINT32_MAX;
            }
 
            IndustryTileLayoutTile &it = layout.emplace_back();
 
            it.ti.x = buf.ReadByte(); // Offsets from northermost tile
            ++bytes_read;
 
            if (it.ti.x == 0xFE && k == 0) {
              /* This means we have to borrow the layout from an old industry */
              IndustryType type = buf.ReadByte();
              uint8_t laynbr = buf.ReadByte();
              bytes_read += 2;
 
              if (type >= lengthof(_origin_industry_specs)) {
                GrfMsg(1, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Invalid original industry number for layout import, industry {}", id);
                DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_ID);
                return CIR_DISABLED;
              }
              if (laynbr >= _origin_industry_specs[type].layouts.size()) {
                GrfMsg(1, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Invalid original industry layout index for layout import, industry {}", id);
                DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_ID);
                return CIR_DISABLED;
              }
              layout = _origin_industry_specs[type].layouts[laynbr];
              break;
            }
 
            it.ti.y = buf.ReadByte(); // Or table definition finalisation
            ++bytes_read;
 
            if (it.ti.x == 0 && it.ti.y == 0x80) {
              /* Terminator, remove and finish up */
              layout.pop_back();
              break;
            }
 
            it.gfx = buf.ReadByte();
            ++bytes_read;
 
            if (it.gfx == 0xFE) {
              /* Use a new tile from this GRF */
              int local_tile_id = buf.ReadWord();
              bytes_read += 2;
 
              /* Read the ID from the _industile_mngr. */
              int tempid = _industile_mngr.GetID(local_tile_id, _cur.grffile->grfid);
 
              if (tempid == INVALID_INDUSTRYTILE) {
                GrfMsg(2, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Attempt to use industry tile {} with industry id {}, not yet defined. Ignoring.", local_tile_id, id);
              } else {
                /* Declared as been valid, can be used */
                it.gfx = tempid;
              }
            } else if (it.gfx == GFX_WATERTILE_SPECIALCHECK) {
              it.ti.x = (int8_t)GB(it.ti.x, 0, 8);
              it.ti.y = (int8_t)GB(it.ti.y, 0, 8);
 
              /* When there were only 256x256 maps, TileIndex was a uint16_t and
               * it.ti was just a TileIndexDiff that was added to it.
               * As such negative "x" values were shifted into the "y" position.
               *   x = -1, y = 1 -> x = 255, y = 0
               * Since GRF version 8 the position is interpreted as pair of independent int8.
               * For GRF version < 8 we need to emulate the old shifting behaviour.
               */
              if (_cur.grffile->grf_version < 8 && it.ti.x < 0) it.ti.y += 1;
            }
          }
 
          if (!ValidateIndustryLayout(layout)) {
            /* The industry layout was not valid, so skip this one. */
            GrfMsg(1, "IndustriesChangeInfo: Invalid industry layout for industry id {}. Ignoring", id);
            new_num_layouts--;
            j--;
          } else {
            new_layouts.push_back(layout);
          }
        }
 
        /* Install final layout construction in the industry spec */
        indsp->layouts = new_layouts;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0B: // Industry production flags
        indsp->life_type = IndustryLifeTypes{buf.ReadByte()};
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Industry closure message
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &indsp->closure_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // Production increase message
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &indsp->production_up_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Production decrease message
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &indsp->production_down_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Fund cost multiplier
        indsp->cost_multiplier = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Production cargo types
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_OUTPUTS; j++) {
          indsp->produced_cargo[j] = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          indsp->produced_cargo_label[j] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Acceptance cargo types
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS; j++) {
          indsp->accepts_cargo[j] = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
          indsp->accepts_cargo_label[j] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        buf.ReadByte(); // Unnused, eat it up
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Production multipliers
      case 0x13:
        indsp->production_rate[prop - 0x12] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: // Minimal amount of cargo distributed
        indsp->minimal_cargo = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x15: { // Random sound effects
        uint8_t num_sounds = buf.ReadByte();
 
        std::vector<uint8_t> sounds;
        sounds.reserve(num_sounds);
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < num_sounds; ++j) {
          sounds.push_back(buf.ReadByte());
        }
 
        indsp->random_sounds = std::move(sounds);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x16: // Conflicting industry types
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j < 3; j++) indsp->conflicting[j] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Probability in random game
        indsp->appear_creation[to_underlying(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape)] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // Probability during gameplay
        indsp->appear_ingame[to_underlying(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape)] = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x19: // Map colour
        indsp->map_colour = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Special industry flags to define special behavior
        indsp->behaviour = IndustryBehaviours{buf.ReadDWord()};
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // New industry text ID
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &indsp->new_industry_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Input cargo multipliers for the three input cargo types
      case 0x1D:
      case 0x1E: {
          uint32_t multiples = buf.ReadDWord();
          indsp->input_cargo_multiplier[prop - 0x1C][0] = GB(multiples, 0, 16);
          indsp->input_cargo_multiplier[prop - 0x1C][1] = GB(multiples, 16, 16);
          break;
        }
 
      case 0x1F: // Industry name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &indsp->name);
        break;
 
      case 0x20: // Prospecting success chance
        indsp->prospecting_chance = buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x21:   // Callback mask
      case 0x22: { // Callback additional mask
        auto mask = indsp->callback_mask.base();
        SB(mask, (prop - 0x21) * 8, 8, buf.ReadByte());
        indsp->callback_mask = IndustryCallbackMasks{mask};
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x23: // removal cost multiplier
        indsp->removal_cost_multiplier = buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x24: { // name for nearby station
        GRFStringID str{buf.ReadWord()};
        if (str == 0) {
          indsp->station_name = STR_NULL;
        } else {
          AddStringForMapping(str, &indsp->station_name);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x25: { // variable length produced cargoes
        uint8_t num_cargoes = buf.ReadByte();
        if (num_cargoes > std::size(indsp->produced_cargo)) {
          GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LIST_PROPERTY_TOO_LONG);
          error->param_value[1] = prop;
          return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(indsp->produced_cargo); i++) {
          if (i < num_cargoes) {
            CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
            indsp->produced_cargo[i] = cargo;
          } else {
            indsp->produced_cargo[i] = INVALID_CARGO;
          }
          if (i < std::size(indsp->produced_cargo_label)) indsp->produced_cargo_label[i] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x26: { // variable length accepted cargoes
        uint8_t num_cargoes = buf.ReadByte();
        if (num_cargoes > std::size(indsp->accepts_cargo)) {
          GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LIST_PROPERTY_TOO_LONG);
          error->param_value[1] = prop;
          return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(indsp->accepts_cargo); i++) {
          if (i < num_cargoes) {
            CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(buf.ReadByte(), _cur.grffile);
            indsp->accepts_cargo[i] = cargo;
          } else {
            indsp->accepts_cargo[i] = INVALID_CARGO;
          }
          if (i < std::size(indsp->accepts_cargo_label)) indsp->accepts_cargo_label[i] = CT_INVALID;
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x27: { // variable length production rates
        uint8_t num_cargoes = buf.ReadByte();
        if (num_cargoes > lengthof(indsp->production_rate)) {
          GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LIST_PROPERTY_TOO_LONG);
          error->param_value[1] = prop;
          return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
        for (uint i = 0; i < lengthof(indsp->production_rate); i++) {
          if (i < num_cargoes) {
            indsp->production_rate[i] = buf.ReadByte();
          } else {
            indsp->production_rate[i] = 0;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x28: { // variable size input/output production multiplier table
        uint8_t num_inputs = buf.ReadByte();
        uint8_t num_outputs = buf.ReadByte();
        if (num_inputs > std::size(indsp->accepts_cargo) || num_outputs > std::size(indsp->produced_cargo)) {
          GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LIST_PROPERTY_TOO_LONG);
          error->param_value[1] = prop;
          return CIR_DISABLED;
        }
        for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(indsp->accepts_cargo); i++) {
          for (size_t j = 0; j < std::size(indsp->produced_cargo); j++) {
            uint16_t mult = 0;
            if (i < num_inputs && j < num_outputs) mult = buf.ReadWord();
            indsp->input_cargo_multiplier[i][j] = mult;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x29: // Badge list
        indsp->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_INDUSTRIES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult AirportChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_AIRPORTS_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "AirportChangeInfo: Too many airports, trying id ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, NUM_AIRPORTS_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate industry specs if they haven't been allocated already. */
  if (_cur.grffile->airportspec.size() < last) _cur.grffile->airportspec.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &as = _cur.grffile->airportspec[id];
 
    if (as == nullptr && prop != 0x08 && prop != 0x09) {
      GrfMsg(2, "AirportChangeInfo: Attempt to modify undefined airport {}, ignoring", id);
      return CIR_INVALID_ID;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Modify original airport
        uint8_t subs_id = buf.ReadByte();
        if (subs_id == 0xFF) {
          /* Instead of defining a new airport, an airport id
           * of 0xFF disables the old airport with the current id. */
          AirportSpec::GetWithoutOverride(id)->enabled = false;
          continue;
        } else if (subs_id >= NEW_AIRPORT_OFFSET) {
          /* The substitute id must be one of the original airports. */
          GrfMsg(2, "AirportChangeInfo: Attempt to use new airport {} as substitute airport for {}. Ignoring.", subs_id, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        /* Allocate space for this airport.
         * Only need to do it once. If ever it is called again, it should not
         * do anything */
        if (as == nullptr) {
          as = std::make_unique<AirportSpec>(*AirportSpec::GetWithoutOverride(subs_id));
 
          as->enabled = true;
          as->grf_prop.local_id = id;
          as->grf_prop.subst_id = subs_id;
          as->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
          /* override the default airport */
          _airport_mngr.Add(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, subs_id);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: { // Set airport layout
        uint8_t num_layouts = buf.ReadByte();
        buf.ReadDWord(); // Total size of definition, unneeded.
        uint8_t size_x = 0;
        uint8_t size_y = 0;
 
        std::vector<AirportTileLayout> layouts;
        layouts.reserve(num_layouts);
 
        for (uint8_t j = 0; j != num_layouts; ++j) {
          auto &layout = layouts.emplace_back();
          layout.rotation = static_cast<Direction>(buf.ReadByte() & 6); // Rotation can only be DIR_NORTH, DIR_EAST, DIR_SOUTH or DIR_WEST.
 
          for (;;) {
            auto &tile = layout.tiles.emplace_back();
            tile.ti.x = buf.ReadByte();
            tile.ti.y = buf.ReadByte();
            if (tile.ti.x == 0 && tile.ti.y == 0x80) {
              /* Convert terminator to our own. */
              tile.ti.x = -0x80;
              tile.ti.y = 0;
              tile.gfx = 0;
              break;
            }
 
            tile.gfx = buf.ReadByte();
 
            if (tile.gfx == 0xFE) {
              /* Use a new tile from this GRF */
              int local_tile_id = buf.ReadWord();
 
              /* Read the ID from the _airporttile_mngr. */
              uint16_t tempid = _airporttile_mngr.GetID(local_tile_id, _cur.grffile->grfid);
 
              if (tempid == INVALID_AIRPORTTILE) {
                GrfMsg(2, "AirportChangeInfo: Attempt to use airport tile {} with airport id {}, not yet defined. Ignoring.", local_tile_id, id);
              } else {
                /* Declared as been valid, can be used */
                tile.gfx = tempid;
              }
            } else if (tile.gfx == 0xFF) {
              tile.ti.x = static_cast<int8_t>(GB(tile.ti.x, 0, 8));
              tile.ti.y = static_cast<int8_t>(GB(tile.ti.y, 0, 8));
            }
 
            /* Determine largest size. */
            if (layout.rotation == DIR_E || layout.rotation == DIR_W) {
              size_x = std::max<uint8_t>(size_x, tile.ti.y + 1);
              size_y = std::max<uint8_t>(size_y, tile.ti.x + 1);
            } else {
              size_x = std::max<uint8_t>(size_x, tile.ti.x + 1);
              size_y = std::max<uint8_t>(size_y, tile.ti.y + 1);
            }
          }
        }
        as->layouts = std::move(layouts);
        as->size_x = size_x;
        as->size_y = size_y;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0C:
        as->min_year = TimerGameCalendar::Year{buf.ReadWord()};
        as->max_year = TimerGameCalendar::Year{buf.ReadWord()};
        if (as->max_year == 0xFFFF) as->max_year = CalendarTime::MAX_YEAR;
        break;
 
      case 0x0D:
        as->ttd_airport_type = (TTDPAirportType)buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0E:
        as->catchment = Clamp(buf.ReadByte(), 1, MAX_CATCHMENT);
        break;
 
      case 0x0F:
        as->noise_level = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10:
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &as->name);
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Maintenance cost factor
        as->maintenance_cost = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Badge list
        as->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_AIRPORTS);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IgnoreObjectProperty(uint prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x0B:
    case 0x0C:
    case 0x0D:
    case 0x12:
    case 0x14:
    case 0x16:
    case 0x17:
    case 0x18:
      buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x09:
    case 0x0A:
    case 0x10:
    case 0x11:
    case 0x13:
    case 0x15:
      buf.ReadWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x08:
    case 0x0E:
    case 0x0F:
      buf.ReadDWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x19: // Badge list
      SkipBadgeList(buf);
      break;
 
    default:
      ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
      break;
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult ObjectChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_OBJECTS_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ObjectChangeInfo: Too many objects loaded ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, NUM_OBJECTS_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate object specs if they haven't been allocated already. */
  if (_cur.grffile->objectspec.size() < last) _cur.grffile->objectspec.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &spec = _cur.grffile->objectspec[id];
 
    if (prop != 0x08 && spec == nullptr) {
      /* If the object property 08 is not yet set, ignore this property */
      ChangeInfoResult cir = IgnoreObjectProperty(prop, buf);
      if (cir > ret) ret = cir;
      continue;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Class ID
        /* Allocate space for this object. */
        if (spec == nullptr) {
          spec = std::make_unique<ObjectSpec>();
          spec->views = 1; // Default for NewGRFs that don't set it.
          spec->size = OBJECT_SIZE_1X1; // Default for NewGRFs that manage to not set it (1x1)
        }
 
        /* Swap classid because we read it in BE. */
        uint32_t classid = buf.ReadDWord();
        spec->class_index = ObjectClass::Allocate(std::byteswap(classid));
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: { // Class name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, [spec = spec.get()](StringID str) { ObjectClass::Get(spec->class_index)->name = str; });
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: // Object name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &spec->name);
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // Climate mask
        spec->climate = LandscapeTypes{buf.ReadByte()};
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Size
        spec->size = buf.ReadByte();
        if (GB(spec->size, 0, 4) == 0 || GB(spec->size, 4, 4) == 0) {
          GrfMsg(0, "ObjectChangeInfo: Invalid object size requested (0x{:X}) for object id {}. Ignoring.", spec->size, id);
          spec->size = OBJECT_SIZE_1X1;
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // Build cost multiplier
        spec->build_cost_multiplier = buf.ReadByte();
        spec->clear_cost_multiplier = spec->build_cost_multiplier;
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Introduction date
        spec->introduction_date = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // End of life
        spec->end_of_life_date = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Flags
        spec->flags = (ObjectFlags)buf.ReadWord();
        _loaded_newgrf_features.has_2CC |= spec->flags.Test(ObjectFlag::Uses2CC);
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Animation info
        spec->animation.frames = buf.ReadByte();
        spec->animation.status = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Animation speed
        spec->animation.speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // Animation triggers
        spec->animation.triggers = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: // Removal cost multiplier
        spec->clear_cost_multiplier = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x15: // Callback mask
        spec->callback_mask = static_cast<ObjectCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Building height
        spec->height = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Views
        spec->views = buf.ReadByte();
        if (spec->views != 1 && spec->views != 2 && spec->views != 4) {
          GrfMsg(2, "ObjectChangeInfo: Invalid number of views ({}) for object id {}. Ignoring.", spec->views, id);
          spec->views = 1;
        }
        break;
 
      case 0x18: // Amount placed on 256^2 map on map creation
        spec->generate_amount = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x19: // Badge list
        spec->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_OBJECTS);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RailTypeChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  extern RailTypeInfo _railtypes[RAILTYPE_END];
 
  if (last > RAILTYPE_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "RailTypeChangeInfo: Rail type {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, RAILTYPE_END);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    RailType rt = _cur.grffile->railtype_map[id];
    if (rt == INVALID_RAILTYPE) return CIR_INVALID_ID;
 
    RailTypeInfo *rti = &_railtypes[rt];
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: // Label of rail type
        /* Skipped here as this is loaded during reservation stage. */
        buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x09: { // Toolbar caption of railtype (sets name as well for backwards compatibility for grf ver < 8)
        GRFStringID str{buf.ReadWord()};
        AddStringForMapping(str, &rti->strings.toolbar_caption);
        if (_cur.grffile->grf_version < 8) {
          AddStringForMapping(str, &rti->strings.name);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0A: // Menu text of railtype
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.menu_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // Build window caption
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.build_caption);
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Autoreplace text
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.replace_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // New locomotive text
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.new_loco);
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Compatible railtype list
      case 0x0F: // Powered railtype list
      case 0x18: // Railtype list required for date introduction
      case 0x19: // Introduced railtype list
      {
        /* Rail type compatibility bits are added to the existing bits
         * to allow multiple GRFs to modify compatibility with the
         * default rail types. */
        int n = buf.ReadByte();
        for (int j = 0; j != n; j++) {
          RailTypeLabel label = buf.ReadDWord();
          RailType resolved_rt = GetRailTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(label), false);
          if (resolved_rt != INVALID_RAILTYPE) {
            switch (prop) {
              case 0x0F: SetBit(rti->powered_railtypes, resolved_rt);               [[fallthrough]]; // Powered implies compatible.
              case 0x0E: SetBit(rti->compatible_railtypes, resolved_rt);            break;
              case 0x18: SetBit(rti->introduction_required_railtypes, resolved_rt); break;
              case 0x19: SetBit(rti->introduces_railtypes, resolved_rt);            break;
            }
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x10: // Rail Type flags
        rti->flags = static_cast<RailTypeFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Curve speed advantage
        rti->curve_speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Station graphic
        rti->fallback_railtype = Clamp(buf.ReadByte(), 0, 2);
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // Construction cost factor
        rti->cost_multiplier = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: // Speed limit
        rti->max_speed = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x15: // Acceleration model
        rti->acceleration_type = Clamp(buf.ReadByte(), 0, 2);
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Map colour
        rti->map_colour = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Introduction date
        rti->introduction_date = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Sort order
        rti->sorting_order = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Name of railtype (overridden by prop 09 for grf ver < 8)
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.name);
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Maintenance cost factor
        rti->maintenance_multiplier = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Alternate rail type label list
        /* Skipped here as this is loaded during reservation stage. */
        for (int j = buf.ReadByte(); j != 0; j--) buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: // Badge list
        rti->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_RAILTYPES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RailTypeReserveInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  extern RailTypeInfo _railtypes[RAILTYPE_END];
 
  if (last > RAILTYPE_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "RailTypeReserveInfo: Rail type {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, RAILTYPE_END);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: // Label of rail type
      {
        RailTypeLabel rtl = buf.ReadDWord();
        rtl = std::byteswap(rtl);
 
        RailType rt = GetRailTypeByLabel(rtl, false);
        if (rt == INVALID_RAILTYPE) {
          /* Set up new rail type */
          rt = AllocateRailType(rtl);
        }
 
        _cur.grffile->railtype_map[id] = rt;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Toolbar caption of railtype
      case 0x0A: // Menu text
      case 0x0B: // Build window caption
      case 0x0C: // Autoreplace text
      case 0x0D: // New loco
      case 0x13: // Construction cost
      case 0x14: // Speed limit
      case 0x1B: // Name of railtype
      case 0x1C: // Maintenance cost factor
        buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Alternate rail type label list
        if (_cur.grffile->railtype_map[id] != INVALID_RAILTYPE) {
          int n = buf.ReadByte();
          for (int j = 0; j != n; j++) {
            _railtypes[_cur.grffile->railtype_map[id]].alternate_labels.push_back(std::byteswap(buf.ReadDWord()));
          }
          break;
        }
        GrfMsg(1, "RailTypeReserveInfo: Ignoring property 1D for rail type {} because no label was set", id);
        [[fallthrough]];
 
      case 0x0E: // Compatible railtype list
      case 0x0F: // Powered railtype list
      case 0x18: // Railtype list required for date introduction
      case 0x19: // Introduced railtype list
        for (int j = buf.ReadByte(); j != 0; j--) buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Rail Type flags
      case 0x11: // Curve speed advantage
      case 0x12: // Station graphic
      case 0x15: // Acceleration model
      case 0x16: // Map colour
      case 0x1A: // Sort order
        buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Introduction date
        buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: // Badge list
        SkipBadgeList(buf);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RoadTypeChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf, RoadTramType rtt)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  extern RoadTypeInfo _roadtypes[ROADTYPE_END];
  std::array<RoadType, ROADTYPE_END> &type_map = (rtt == RTT_TRAM) ? _cur.grffile->tramtype_map : _cur.grffile->roadtype_map;
 
  if (last > ROADTYPE_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "RoadTypeChangeInfo: Road type {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, ROADTYPE_END);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    RoadType rt = type_map[id];
    if (rt == INVALID_ROADTYPE) return CIR_INVALID_ID;
 
    RoadTypeInfo *rti = &_roadtypes[rt];
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: // Label of road type
        /* Skipped here as this is loaded during reservation stage. */
        buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x09: // Toolbar caption of roadtype
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.toolbar_caption);
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // Menu text of roadtype
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.menu_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // Build window caption
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.build_caption);
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // Autoreplace text
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.replace_text);
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // New engine text
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.new_engine);
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Powered roadtype list
      case 0x18: // Roadtype list required for date introduction
      case 0x19: { // Introduced roadtype list
        /* Road type compatibility bits are added to the existing bits
         * to allow multiple GRFs to modify compatibility with the
         * default road types. */
        int n = buf.ReadByte();
        for (int j = 0; j != n; j++) {
          RoadTypeLabel label = buf.ReadDWord();
          RoadType resolved_rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(label), false);
          if (resolved_rt != INVALID_ROADTYPE) {
            switch (prop) {
              case 0x0F:
                if (GetRoadTramType(resolved_rt) == rtt) {
                  SetBit(rti->powered_roadtypes, resolved_rt);
                } else {
                  GrfMsg(1, "RoadTypeChangeInfo: Powered road type list: Road type {} road/tram type does not match road type {}, ignoring", resolved_rt, rt);
                }
                break;
              case 0x18: SetBit(rti->introduction_required_roadtypes, resolved_rt); break;
              case 0x19: SetBit(rti->introduces_roadtypes, resolved_rt);            break;
            }
          }
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x10: // Road Type flags
        rti->flags = static_cast<RoadTypeFlags>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x13: // Construction cost factor
        rti->cost_multiplier = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x14: // Speed limit
        rti->max_speed = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Map colour
        rti->map_colour = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Introduction date
        rti->introduction_date = TimerGameCalendar::Date(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x1A: // Sort order
        rti->sorting_order = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x1B: // Name of roadtype
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rti->strings.name);
        break;
 
      case 0x1C: // Maintenance cost factor
        rti->maintenance_multiplier = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Alternate road type label list
        /* Skipped here as this is loaded during reservation stage. */
        for (int j = buf.ReadByte(); j != 0; j--) buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: // Badge list
        rti->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_ROADTYPES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RoadTypeChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  return RoadTypeChangeInfo(first, last, prop, buf, RTT_ROAD);
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult TramTypeChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  return RoadTypeChangeInfo(first, last, prop, buf, RTT_TRAM);
}
 
 
static ChangeInfoResult RoadTypeReserveInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf, RoadTramType rtt)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  extern RoadTypeInfo _roadtypes[ROADTYPE_END];
  std::array<RoadType, ROADTYPE_END> &type_map = (rtt == RTT_TRAM) ? _cur.grffile->tramtype_map : _cur.grffile->roadtype_map;
 
  if (last > ROADTYPE_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "RoadTypeReserveInfo: Road type {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, ROADTYPE_END);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Label of road type
        RoadTypeLabel rtl = buf.ReadDWord();
        rtl = std::byteswap(rtl);
 
        RoadType rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(rtl, false);
        if (rt == INVALID_ROADTYPE) {
          /* Set up new road type */
          rt = AllocateRoadType(rtl, rtt);
        } else if (GetRoadTramType(rt) != rtt) {
          GrfMsg(1, "RoadTypeReserveInfo: Road type {} is invalid type (road/tram), ignoring", id);
          return CIR_INVALID_ID;
        }
 
        type_map[id] = rt;
        break;
      }
      case 0x09: // Toolbar caption of roadtype
      case 0x0A: // Menu text
      case 0x0B: // Build window caption
      case 0x0C: // Autoreplace text
      case 0x0D: // New loco
      case 0x13: // Construction cost
      case 0x14: // Speed limit
      case 0x1B: // Name of roadtype
      case 0x1C: // Maintenance cost factor
        buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1D: // Alternate road type label list
        if (type_map[id] != INVALID_ROADTYPE) {
          int n = buf.ReadByte();
          for (int j = 0; j != n; j++) {
            _roadtypes[type_map[id]].alternate_labels.push_back(std::byteswap(buf.ReadDWord()));
          }
          break;
        }
        GrfMsg(1, "RoadTypeReserveInfo: Ignoring property 1D for road type {} because no label was set", id);
        /* FALL THROUGH */
 
      case 0x0F: // Powered roadtype list
      case 0x18: // Roadtype list required for date introduction
      case 0x19: // Introduced roadtype list
        for (int j = buf.ReadByte(); j != 0; j--) buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Road Type flags
      case 0x16: // Map colour
      case 0x1A: // Sort order
        buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x17: // Introduction date
        buf.ReadDWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x1E: // Badge list
        SkipBadgeList(buf);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RoadTypeReserveInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  return RoadTypeReserveInfo(first, last, prop, buf, RTT_ROAD);
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult TramTypeReserveInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  return RoadTypeReserveInfo(first, last, prop, buf, RTT_TRAM);
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult AirportTilesChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_AIRPORTTILES_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "AirportTileChangeInfo: Too many airport tiles loaded ({}), max ({}). Ignoring.", last, NUM_AIRPORTTILES_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  /* Allocate airport tile specs if they haven't been allocated already. */
  if (_cur.grffile->airtspec.size() < last) _cur.grffile->airtspec.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &tsp = _cur.grffile->airtspec[id];
 
    if (prop != 0x08 && tsp == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(2, "AirportTileChangeInfo: Attempt to modify undefined airport tile {}. Ignoring.", id);
      return CIR_INVALID_ID;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Substitute airport tile type
        uint8_t subs_id = buf.ReadByte();
        if (subs_id >= NEW_AIRPORTTILE_OFFSET) {
          /* The substitute id must be one of the original airport tiles. */
          GrfMsg(2, "AirportTileChangeInfo: Attempt to use new airport tile {} as substitute airport tile for {}. Ignoring.", subs_id, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        /* Allocate space for this airport tile. */
        if (tsp == nullptr) {
          tsp = std::make_unique<AirportTileSpec>(*AirportTileSpec::Get(subs_id));
 
          tsp->enabled = true;
 
          tsp->animation.status = ANIM_STATUS_NO_ANIMATION;
 
          tsp->grf_prop.local_id = id;
          tsp->grf_prop.subst_id = subs_id;
          tsp->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
          _airporttile_mngr.AddEntityID(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, subs_id); // pre-reserve the tile slot
        }
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: { // Airport tile override
        uint8_t override = buf.ReadByte();
 
        /* The airport tile being overridden must be an original airport tile. */
        if (override >= NEW_AIRPORTTILE_OFFSET) {
          GrfMsg(2, "AirportTileChangeInfo: Attempt to override new airport tile {} with airport tile id {}. Ignoring.", override, id);
          continue;
        }
 
        _airporttile_mngr.Add(id, _cur.grffile->grfid, override);
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x0E: // Callback mask
        tsp->callback_mask = static_cast<AirportTileCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Animation information
        tsp->animation.frames = buf.ReadByte();
        tsp->animation.status = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Animation speed
        tsp->animation.speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Animation triggers
        tsp->animation.triggers = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // Badge list
        tsp->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_TRAMTYPES);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult IgnoreRoadStopProperty(uint prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  switch (prop) {
    case 0x09:
    case 0x0C:
    case 0x0F:
    case 0x11:
      buf.ReadByte();
      break;
 
    case 0x0A:
    case 0x0B:
    case 0x0E:
    case 0x10:
    case 0x15:
      buf.ReadWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x08:
    case 0x0D:
    case 0x12:
      buf.ReadDWord();
      break;
 
    case 0x16: // Badge list
      SkipBadgeList(buf);
      break;
 
    default:
      ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
      break;
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult BadgeChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last >= UINT16_MAX) {
    GrfMsg(1, "BadgeChangeInfo: Tag {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, UINT16_MAX - 1);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto it = _cur.grffile->badge_map.find(id);
    if (prop != 0x08 && it == std::end(_cur.grffile->badge_map)) {
      GrfMsg(1, "BadgeChangeInfo: Attempt to modify undefined tag {}, ignoring", id);
      return CIR_INVALID_ID;
    }
 
    Badge *badge = nullptr;
    if (prop != 0x08) badge = GetBadge(it->second);
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Label
        std::string_view label = buf.ReadString();
        _cur.grffile->badge_map[id] = GetOrCreateBadge(label).index;
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Flags
        badge->flags = static_cast<BadgeFlags>(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static ChangeInfoResult RoadStopChangeInfo(uint first, uint last, int prop, ByteReader &buf)
{
  ChangeInfoResult ret = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
  if (last > NUM_ROADSTOPS_PER_GRF) {
    GrfMsg(1, "RoadStopChangeInfo: RoadStop {} is invalid, max {}, ignoring", last, NUM_ROADSTOPS_PER_GRF);
    return CIR_INVALID_ID;
  }
 
  if (_cur.grffile->roadstops.size() < last) _cur.grffile->roadstops.resize(last);
 
  for (uint id = first; id < last; ++id) {
    auto &rs = _cur.grffile->roadstops[id];
 
    if (rs == nullptr && prop != 0x08) {
      GrfMsg(1, "RoadStopChangeInfo: Attempt to modify undefined road stop {}, ignoring", id);
      ChangeInfoResult cir = IgnoreRoadStopProperty(prop, buf);
      if (cir > ret) ret = cir;
      continue;
    }
 
    switch (prop) {
      case 0x08: { // Road Stop Class ID
        if (rs == nullptr) {
          rs = std::make_unique<RoadStopSpec>();
        }
 
        uint32_t classid = buf.ReadDWord();
        rs->class_index = RoadStopClass::Allocate(std::byteswap(classid));
        break;
      }
 
      case 0x09: // Road stop type
        rs->stop_type = (RoadStopAvailabilityType)buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // Road Stop Name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, &rs->name);
        break;
 
      case 0x0B: // Road Stop Class name
        AddStringForMapping(GRFStringID{buf.ReadWord()}, [rs = rs.get()](StringID str) { RoadStopClass::Get(rs->class_index)->name = str; });
        break;
 
      case 0x0C: // The draw mode
        rs->draw_mode = static_cast<RoadStopDrawMode>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x0D: // Cargo types for random triggers
        rs->cargo_triggers = TranslateRefitMask(buf.ReadDWord());
        break;
 
      case 0x0E: // Animation info
        rs->animation.frames = buf.ReadByte();
        rs->animation.status = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x0F: // Animation speed
        rs->animation.speed = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x10: // Animation triggers
        rs->animation.triggers = buf.ReadWord();
        break;
 
      case 0x11: // Callback mask
        rs->callback_mask = static_cast<RoadStopCallbackMasks>(buf.ReadByte());
        break;
 
      case 0x12: // General flags
        rs->flags = static_cast<RoadStopSpecFlags>(buf.ReadDWord()); // Future-proofing, size this as 4 bytes, but we only need two byte's worth of flags at present
        break;
 
      case 0x15: // Cost multipliers
        rs->build_cost_multiplier = buf.ReadByte();
        rs->clear_cost_multiplier = buf.ReadByte();
        break;
 
      case 0x16: // Badge list
        rs->badges = ReadBadgeList(buf, GSF_ROADSTOPS);
        break;
 
      default:
        ret = CIR_UNKNOWN;
        break;
    }
  }
 
  return ret;
}
 
static bool HandleChangeInfoResult(const char *caller, ChangeInfoResult cir, uint8_t feature, uint8_t property)
{
  switch (cir) {
    default: NOT_REACHED();
 
    case CIR_DISABLED:
      /* Error has already been printed; just stop parsing */
      return true;
 
    case CIR_SUCCESS:
      return false;
 
    case CIR_UNHANDLED:
      GrfMsg(1, "{}: Ignoring property 0x{:02X} of feature 0x{:02X} (not implemented)", caller, property, feature);
      return false;
 
    case CIR_UNKNOWN:
      GrfMsg(0, "{}: Unknown property 0x{:02X} of feature 0x{:02X}, disabling", caller, property, feature);
      [[fallthrough]];
 
    case CIR_INVALID_ID: {
      /* No debug message for an invalid ID, as it has already been output */
      GRFError *error = DisableGrf(cir == CIR_INVALID_ID ? STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_ID : STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_UNKNOWN_PROPERTY);
      if (cir != CIR_INVALID_ID) error->param_value[1] = property;
      return true;
    }
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x00 */
static void FeatureChangeInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <00> <feature> <num-props> <num-info> <id> (<property <new-info>)...
   *
   * B feature
   * B num-props     how many properties to change per vehicle/station
   * B num-info      how many vehicles/stations to change
   * E id            ID of first vehicle/station to change, if num-info is
   *                 greater than one, this one and the following
   *                 vehicles/stations will be changed
   * B property      what property to change, depends on the feature
   * V new-info      new bytes of info (variable size; depends on properties) */
 
  static ChangeInfoHandler * const handler[] = {
    /* GSF_TRAINS */        RailVehicleChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_ROADVEHICLES */  RoadVehicleChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_SHIPS */         ShipVehicleChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_AIRCRAFT */      AircraftVehicleChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_STATIONS */      StationChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_CANALS */        CanalChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_BRIDGES */       BridgeChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_HOUSES */        TownHouseChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_GLOBALVAR */     GlobalVarChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_INDUSTRYTILES */ IndustrytilesChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_INDUSTRIES */    IndustriesChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_CARGOES */       nullptr, // Cargo is handled during reservation
    /* GSF_SOUNDFX */       SoundEffectChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_AIRPORTS */      AirportChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_SIGNALS */       nullptr,
    /* GSF_OBJECTS */       ObjectChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_RAILTYPES */     RailTypeChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_AIRPORTTILES */  AirportTilesChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_ROADTYPES */     RoadTypeChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_TRAMTYPES */     TramTypeChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_ROADSTOPS */     RoadStopChangeInfo,
    /* GSF_BADGES */        BadgeChangeInfo,
  };
  static_assert(GSF_END == std::size(handler));
 
  uint8_t feature  = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t numprops = buf.ReadByte();
  uint numinfo  = buf.ReadByte();
  uint engine   = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
 
  if (feature >= GSF_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "FeatureChangeInfo: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
    return;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(6, "FeatureChangeInfo: Feature 0x{:02X}, {} properties, to apply to {}+{}",
                 feature, numprops, engine, numinfo);
 
  if (handler[feature] == nullptr) {
    if (feature != GSF_CARGOES) GrfMsg(1, "FeatureChangeInfo: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
    return;
  }
 
  /* Mark the feature as used by the grf */
  SetBit(_cur.grffile->grf_features, feature);
 
  while (numprops-- && buf.HasData()) {
    uint8_t prop = buf.ReadByte();
 
    ChangeInfoResult cir = handler[feature](engine, engine + numinfo, prop, buf);
    if (HandleChangeInfoResult("FeatureChangeInfo", cir, feature, prop)) return;
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x00 (GLS_SAFETYSCAN) */
static void SafeChangeInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t feature  = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t numprops = buf.ReadByte();
  uint numinfo = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.ReadExtendedByte(); // id
 
  if (feature == GSF_BRIDGES && numprops == 1) {
    uint8_t prop = buf.ReadByte();
    /* Bridge property 0x0D is redefinition of sprite layout tables, which
     * is considered safe. */
    if (prop == 0x0D) return;
  } else if (feature == GSF_GLOBALVAR && numprops == 1) {
    uint8_t prop = buf.ReadByte();
    /* Engine ID Mappings are safe, if the source is static */
    if (prop == 0x11) {
      bool is_safe = true;
      for (uint i = 0; i < numinfo; i++) {
        uint32_t s = buf.ReadDWord();
        buf.ReadDWord(); // dest
        const GRFConfig *grfconfig = GetGRFConfig(s);
        if (grfconfig != nullptr && !grfconfig->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static)) {
          is_safe = false;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (is_safe) return;
    }
  }
 
  _cur.grfconfig->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::Unsafe);
 
  /* Skip remainder of GRF */
  _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
}
 
/* Action 0x00 (GLS_RESERVE) */
static void ReserveChangeInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t feature  = buf.ReadByte();
 
  if (feature != GSF_CARGOES && feature != GSF_GLOBALVAR && feature != GSF_RAILTYPES && feature != GSF_ROADTYPES && feature != GSF_TRAMTYPES) return;
 
  uint8_t numprops = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t numinfo = buf.ReadByte();
  uint16_t index = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
 
  while (numprops-- && buf.HasData()) {
    uint8_t prop = buf.ReadByte();
    ChangeInfoResult cir = CIR_SUCCESS;
 
    switch (feature) {
      default: NOT_REACHED();
      case GSF_CARGOES:
        cir = CargoChangeInfo(index, index + numinfo, prop, buf);
        break;
 
      case GSF_GLOBALVAR:
        cir = GlobalVarReserveInfo(index, index + numinfo, prop, buf);
        break;
 
      case GSF_RAILTYPES:
        cir = RailTypeReserveInfo(index, index + numinfo, prop, buf);
        break;
 
      case GSF_ROADTYPES:
        cir = RoadTypeReserveInfo(index, index + numinfo, prop, buf);
        break;
 
      case GSF_TRAMTYPES:
        cir = TramTypeReserveInfo(index, index + numinfo, prop, buf);
        break;
    }
 
    if (HandleChangeInfoResult("ReserveChangeInfo", cir, feature, prop)) return;
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x01 */
static void NewSpriteSet(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* Basic format:    <01> <feature> <num-sets> <num-ent>
   * Extended format: <01> <feature> 00 <first-set> <num-sets> <num-ent>
   *
   * B feature       feature to define sprites for
   *                 0, 1, 2, 3: veh-type, 4: train stations
   * E first-set     first sprite set to define
   * B num-sets      number of sprite sets (extended byte in extended format)
   * E num-ent       how many entries per sprite set
   *                 For vehicles, this is the number of different
   *                         vehicle directions in each sprite set
   *                         Set num-dirs=8, unless your sprites are symmetric.
   *                         In that case, use num-dirs=4.
   */
 
  uint8_t  feature   = buf.ReadByte();
  uint16_t num_sets  = buf.ReadByte();
  uint16_t first_set = 0;
 
  if (num_sets == 0 && buf.HasData(3)) {
    /* Extended Action1 format.
     * Some GRFs define zero sets of zero sprites, though there is actually no use in that. Ignore them. */
    first_set = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
    num_sets = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
  }
  uint16_t num_ents = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
 
  if (feature >= GSF_END) {
    _cur.skip_sprites = num_sets * num_ents;
    GrfMsg(1, "NewSpriteSet: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping {} sprites", feature, _cur.skip_sprites);
    return;
  }
 
  _cur.AddSpriteSets(feature, _cur.spriteid, first_set, num_sets, num_ents);
 
  GrfMsg(7, "New sprite set at {} of feature 0x{:02X}, consisting of {} sets with {} views each (total {})",
    _cur.spriteid, feature, num_sets, num_ents, num_sets * num_ents
  );
 
  for (int i = 0; i < num_sets * num_ents; i++) {
    _cur.nfo_line++;
    LoadNextSprite(_cur.spriteid++, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line);
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x01 (SKIP) */
static void SkipAct1(ByteReader &buf)
{
  buf.ReadByte();
  uint16_t num_sets  = buf.ReadByte();
 
  if (num_sets == 0 && buf.HasData(3)) {
    /* Extended Action1 format.
     * Some GRFs define zero sets of zero sprites, though there is actually no use in that. Ignore them. */
    buf.ReadExtendedByte(); // first_set
    num_sets = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
  }
  uint16_t num_ents = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
 
  _cur.skip_sprites = num_sets * num_ents;
 
  GrfMsg(3, "SkipAct1: Skipping {} sprites", _cur.skip_sprites);
}
 
using CachedCallback = std::pair<uint16_t, SpriteGroupID>;
static std::vector<CachedCallback> _cached_callback_groups; 
 
static const SpriteGroup *GetCallbackResultGroup(uint16_t value)
{
  /* Old style callback results (only valid for version < 8) have the highest byte 0xFF to signify it is a callback result.
   * New style ones only have the highest bit set (allows 15-bit results, instead of just 8) */
  if (_cur.grffile->grf_version < 8 && GB(value, 8, 8) == 0xFF) {
    value &= ~0xFF00;
  } else {
    value &= ~0x8000;
  }
 
  /* Find position for value within the cached callback list. */
  auto it = std::ranges::lower_bound(_cached_callback_groups, value, std::less{}, &CachedCallback::first);
  if (it != std::end(_cached_callback_groups) && it->first == value) return SpriteGroup::Get(it->second);
 
  /* Result value is not present, so make it and add to cache. */
  assert(CallbackResultSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
  const SpriteGroup *group = new CallbackResultSpriteGroup(value);
  it = _cached_callback_groups.emplace(it, value, group->index);
  return group;
}
 
/* Helper function to either create a callback or link to a previously
 * defined spritegroup. */
static const SpriteGroup *GetGroupFromGroupID(uint8_t setid, uint8_t type, uint16_t groupid)
{
  if (HasBit(groupid, 15)) return GetCallbackResultGroup(groupid);
 
  if (groupid > MAX_SPRITEGROUP || _cur.spritegroups[groupid] == nullptr) {
    GrfMsg(1, "GetGroupFromGroupID(0x{:02X}:0x{:02X}): Groupid 0x{:04X} does not exist, leaving empty", setid, type, groupid);
    return nullptr;
  }
 
  return _cur.spritegroups[groupid];
}
 
static const SpriteGroup *CreateGroupFromGroupID(uint8_t feature, uint8_t setid, uint8_t type, uint16_t spriteid)
{
  if (HasBit(spriteid, 15)) return GetCallbackResultGroup(spriteid);
 
  if (!_cur.IsValidSpriteSet(feature, spriteid)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "CreateGroupFromGroupID(0x{:02X}:0x{:02X}): Sprite set {} invalid", setid, type, spriteid);
    return nullptr;
  }
 
  SpriteID spriteset_start = _cur.GetSprite(feature, spriteid);
  uint num_sprites = _cur.GetNumEnts(feature, spriteid);
 
  /* Ensure that the sprites are loeded */
  assert(spriteset_start + num_sprites <= _cur.spriteid);
 
  assert(ResultSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
  return new ResultSpriteGroup(spriteset_start, num_sprites);
}
 
/* Action 0x02 */
static void NewSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <02> <feature> <set-id> <type/num-entries> <feature-specific-data...>
   *
   * B feature       see action 1
   * B set-id        ID of this particular definition
   * B type/num-entries
   *                 if 80 or greater, this is a randomized or variational
   *                 list definition, see below
   *                 otherwise it specifies a number of entries, the exact
   *                 meaning depends on the feature
   * V feature-specific-data (huge mess, don't even look it up --pasky) */
  const SpriteGroup *act_group = nullptr;
 
  uint8_t feature = buf.ReadByte();
  if (feature >= GSF_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "NewSpriteGroup: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
    return;
  }
 
  uint8_t setid   = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t type    = buf.ReadByte();
 
  /* Sprite Groups are created here but they are allocated from a pool, so
   * we do not need to delete anything if there is an exception from the
   * ByteReader. */
 
  switch (type) {
    /* Deterministic Sprite Group */
    case 0x81: // Self scope, byte
    case 0x82: // Parent scope, byte
    case 0x85: // Self scope, word
    case 0x86: // Parent scope, word
    case 0x89: // Self scope, dword
    case 0x8A: // Parent scope, dword
    {
      uint8_t varadjust;
      uint8_t varsize;
 
      assert(DeterministicSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
      DeterministicSpriteGroup *group = new DeterministicSpriteGroup();
      group->nfo_line = _cur.nfo_line;
      act_group = group;
      group->var_scope = HasBit(type, 1) ? VSG_SCOPE_PARENT : VSG_SCOPE_SELF;
 
      switch (GB(type, 2, 2)) {
        default: NOT_REACHED();
        case 0: group->size = DSG_SIZE_BYTE;  varsize = 1; break;
        case 1: group->size = DSG_SIZE_WORD;  varsize = 2; break;
        case 2: group->size = DSG_SIZE_DWORD; varsize = 4; break;
      }
 
      /* Loop through the var adjusts. Unfortunately we don't know how many we have
       * from the outset, so we shall have to keep reallocing. */
      do {
        DeterministicSpriteGroupAdjust &adjust = group->adjusts.emplace_back();
 
        /* The first var adjust doesn't have an operation specified, so we set it to add. */
        adjust.operation = group->adjusts.size() == 1 ? DSGA_OP_ADD : (DeterministicSpriteGroupAdjustOperation)buf.ReadByte();
        adjust.variable  = buf.ReadByte();
        if (adjust.variable == 0x7E) {
          /* Link subroutine group */
          adjust.subroutine = GetGroupFromGroupID(setid, type, buf.ReadByte());
        } else {
          adjust.parameter = IsInsideMM(adjust.variable, 0x60, 0x80) ? buf.ReadByte() : 0;
        }
 
        varadjust = buf.ReadByte();
        adjust.shift_num = GB(varadjust, 0, 5);
        adjust.type      = (DeterministicSpriteGroupAdjustType)GB(varadjust, 6, 2);
        adjust.and_mask  = buf.ReadVarSize(varsize);
 
        if (adjust.type != DSGA_TYPE_NONE) {
          adjust.add_val    = buf.ReadVarSize(varsize);
          adjust.divmod_val = buf.ReadVarSize(varsize);
          if (adjust.divmod_val == 0) adjust.divmod_val = 1; // Ensure that divide by zero cannot occur
        } else {
          adjust.add_val    = 0;
          adjust.divmod_val = 0;
        }
 
        /* Continue reading var adjusts while bit 5 is set. */
      } while (HasBit(varadjust, 5));
 
      std::vector<DeterministicSpriteGroupRange> ranges;
      ranges.resize(buf.ReadByte());
      for (auto &range : ranges) {
        range.group = GetGroupFromGroupID(setid, type, buf.ReadWord());
        range.low   = buf.ReadVarSize(varsize);
        range.high  = buf.ReadVarSize(varsize);
      }
 
      group->default_group = GetGroupFromGroupID(setid, type, buf.ReadWord());
      group->error_group = ranges.empty() ? group->default_group : ranges[0].group;
      /* nvar == 0 is a special case -- we turn our value into a callback result */
      group->calculated_result = ranges.empty();
 
      /* Sort ranges ascending. When ranges overlap, this may required clamping or splitting them */
      std::vector<uint32_t> bounds;
      bounds.reserve(ranges.size());
      for (const auto &range : ranges) {
        bounds.push_back(range.low);
        if (range.high != UINT32_MAX) bounds.push_back(range.high + 1);
      }
      std::sort(bounds.begin(), bounds.end());
      bounds.erase(std::unique(bounds.begin(), bounds.end()), bounds.end());
 
      std::vector<const SpriteGroup *> target;
      target.reserve(bounds.size());
      for (const auto &bound : bounds) {
        const SpriteGroup *t = group->default_group;
        for (const auto &range : ranges) {
          if (range.low <= bound && bound <= range.high) {
            t = range.group;
            break;
          }
        }
        target.push_back(t);
      }
      assert(target.size() == bounds.size());
 
      for (uint j = 0; j < bounds.size(); ) {
        if (target[j] != group->default_group) {
          DeterministicSpriteGroupRange &r = group->ranges.emplace_back();
          r.group = target[j];
          r.low = bounds[j];
          while (j < bounds.size() && target[j] == r.group) {
            j++;
          }
          r.high = j < bounds.size() ? bounds[j] - 1 : UINT32_MAX;
        } else {
          j++;
        }
      }
 
      break;
    }
 
    /* Randomized Sprite Group */
    case 0x80: // Self scope
    case 0x83: // Parent scope
    case 0x84: // Relative scope
    {
      assert(RandomizedSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
      RandomizedSpriteGroup *group = new RandomizedSpriteGroup();
      group->nfo_line = _cur.nfo_line;
      act_group = group;
      group->var_scope = HasBit(type, 1) ? VSG_SCOPE_PARENT : VSG_SCOPE_SELF;
 
      if (HasBit(type, 2)) {
        if (feature <= GSF_AIRCRAFT) group->var_scope = VSG_SCOPE_RELATIVE;
        group->count = buf.ReadByte();
      }
 
      uint8_t triggers = buf.ReadByte();
      group->triggers       = GB(triggers, 0, 7);
      group->cmp_mode       = HasBit(triggers, 7) ? RSG_CMP_ALL : RSG_CMP_ANY;
      group->lowest_randbit = buf.ReadByte();
 
      uint8_t num_groups = buf.ReadByte();
      if (!HasExactlyOneBit(num_groups)) {
        GrfMsg(1, "NewSpriteGroup: Random Action 2 nrand should be power of 2");
      }
 
      group->groups.reserve(num_groups);
      for (uint i = 0; i < num_groups; i++) {
        group->groups.push_back(GetGroupFromGroupID(setid, type, buf.ReadWord()));
      }
 
      break;
    }
 
    /* Neither a variable or randomized sprite group... must be a real group */
    default:
    {
      switch (feature) {
        case GSF_TRAINS:
        case GSF_ROADVEHICLES:
        case GSF_SHIPS:
        case GSF_AIRCRAFT:
        case GSF_STATIONS:
        case GSF_CANALS:
        case GSF_CARGOES:
        case GSF_AIRPORTS:
        case GSF_RAILTYPES:
        case GSF_ROADTYPES:
        case GSF_TRAMTYPES:
        case GSF_BADGES:
        {
          uint8_t num_loaded  = type;
          uint8_t num_loading = buf.ReadByte();
 
          if (!_cur.HasValidSpriteSets(feature)) {
            GrfMsg(0, "NewSpriteGroup: No sprite set to work on! Skipping");
            return;
          }
 
          GrfMsg(6, "NewSpriteGroup: New SpriteGroup 0x{:02X}, {} loaded, {} loading",
              setid, num_loaded, num_loading);
 
          if (num_loaded + num_loading == 0) {
            GrfMsg(1, "NewSpriteGroup: no result, skipping invalid RealSpriteGroup");
            break;
          }
 
          if (num_loaded + num_loading == 1) {
            /* Avoid creating 'Real' sprite group if only one option. */
            uint16_t spriteid = buf.ReadWord();
            act_group = CreateGroupFromGroupID(feature, setid, type, spriteid);
            GrfMsg(8, "NewSpriteGroup: one result, skipping RealSpriteGroup = subset {}", spriteid);
            break;
          }
 
          std::vector<uint16_t> loaded;
          std::vector<uint16_t> loading;
 
          loaded.reserve(num_loaded);
          for (uint i = 0; i < num_loaded; i++) {
            loaded.push_back(buf.ReadWord());
            GrfMsg(8, "NewSpriteGroup: + rg->loaded[{}]  = subset {}", i, loaded[i]);
          }
 
          loading.reserve(num_loading);
          for (uint i = 0; i < num_loading; i++) {
            loading.push_back(buf.ReadWord());
            GrfMsg(8, "NewSpriteGroup: + rg->loading[{}] = subset {}", i, loading[i]);
          }
 
          bool loaded_same = !loaded.empty() && std::adjacent_find(loaded.begin(),  loaded.end(),  std::not_equal_to<>()) == loaded.end();
          bool loading_same = !loading.empty() && std::adjacent_find(loading.begin(), loading.end(), std::not_equal_to<>()) == loading.end();
          if (loaded_same && loading_same && loaded[0] == loading[0]) {
            /* Both lists only contain the same value, so don't create 'Real' sprite group */
            act_group = CreateGroupFromGroupID(feature, setid, type, loaded[0]);
            GrfMsg(8, "NewSpriteGroup: same result, skipping RealSpriteGroup = subset {}", loaded[0]);
            break;
          }
 
          assert(RealSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
          RealSpriteGroup *group = new RealSpriteGroup();
          group->nfo_line = _cur.nfo_line;
          act_group = group;
 
          if (loaded_same && loaded.size() > 1) loaded.resize(1);
          group->loaded.reserve(loaded.size());
          for (uint16_t spriteid : loaded) {
            const SpriteGroup *t = CreateGroupFromGroupID(feature, setid, type, spriteid);
            group->loaded.push_back(t);
          }
 
          if (loading_same && loading.size() > 1) loading.resize(1);
          group->loading.reserve(loading.size());
          for (uint16_t spriteid : loading) {
            const SpriteGroup *t = CreateGroupFromGroupID(feature, setid, type, spriteid);
            group->loading.push_back(t);
          }
 
          break;
        }
 
        case GSF_HOUSES:
        case GSF_AIRPORTTILES:
        case GSF_OBJECTS:
        case GSF_INDUSTRYTILES:
        case GSF_ROADSTOPS: {
          uint8_t num_building_sprites = std::max((uint8_t)1, type);
 
          assert(TileLayoutSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
          TileLayoutSpriteGroup *group = new TileLayoutSpriteGroup();
          group->nfo_line = _cur.nfo_line;
          act_group = group;
 
          /* On error, bail out immediately. Temporary GRF data was already freed */
          if (ReadSpriteLayout(buf, num_building_sprites, true, feature, false, type == 0, &group->dts)) return;
          break;
        }
 
        case GSF_INDUSTRIES: {
          if (type > 2) {
            GrfMsg(1, "NewSpriteGroup: Unsupported industry production version {}, skipping", type);
            break;
          }
 
          assert(IndustryProductionSpriteGroup::CanAllocateItem());
          IndustryProductionSpriteGroup *group = new IndustryProductionSpriteGroup();
          group->nfo_line = _cur.nfo_line;
          act_group = group;
          group->version = type;
          if (type == 0) {
            group->num_input = INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS;
            for (uint i = 0; i < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS; i++) {
              group->subtract_input[i] = (int16_t)buf.ReadWord(); // signed
            }
            group->num_output = INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_OUTPUTS;
            for (uint i = 0; i < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_OUTPUTS; i++) {
              group->add_output[i] = buf.ReadWord(); // unsigned
            }
            group->again = buf.ReadByte();
          } else if (type == 1) {
            group->num_input = INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS;
            for (uint i = 0; i < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_INPUTS; i++) {
              group->subtract_input[i] = buf.ReadByte();
            }
            group->num_output = INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_OUTPUTS;
            for (uint i = 0; i < INDUSTRY_ORIGINAL_NUM_OUTPUTS; i++) {
              group->add_output[i] = buf.ReadByte();
            }
            group->again = buf.ReadByte();
          } else if (type == 2) {
            group->num_input = buf.ReadByte();
            if (group->num_input > std::size(group->subtract_input)) {
              GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INDPROD_CALLBACK);
              error->data = "too many inputs (max 16)";
              return;
            }
            for (uint i = 0; i < group->num_input; i++) {
              uint8_t rawcargo = buf.ReadByte();
              CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(rawcargo, _cur.grffile);
              if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo)) {
                /* The mapped cargo is invalid. This is permitted at this point,
                 * as long as the result is not used. Mark it invalid so this
                 * can be tested later. */
                group->version = 0xFF;
              } else if (auto v = group->cargo_input | std::views::take(i); std::ranges::find(v, cargo) != v.end()) {
                GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INDPROD_CALLBACK);
                error->data = "duplicate input cargo";
                return;
              }
              group->cargo_input[i] = cargo;
              group->subtract_input[i] = buf.ReadByte();
            }
            group->num_output = buf.ReadByte();
            if (group->num_output > std::size(group->add_output)) {
              GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INDPROD_CALLBACK);
              error->data = "too many outputs (max 16)";
              return;
            }
            for (uint i = 0; i < group->num_output; i++) {
              uint8_t rawcargo = buf.ReadByte();
              CargoType cargo = GetCargoTranslation(rawcargo, _cur.grffile);
              if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo)) {
                /* Mark this result as invalid to use */
                group->version = 0xFF;
              } else if (auto v = group->cargo_output | std::views::take(i); std::ranges::find(v, cargo) != v.end()) {
                GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INDPROD_CALLBACK);
                error->data = "duplicate output cargo";
                return;
              }
              group->cargo_output[i] = cargo;
              group->add_output[i] = buf.ReadByte();
            }
            group->again = buf.ReadByte();
          } else {
            NOT_REACHED();
          }
          break;
        }
 
        /* Loading of Tile Layout and Production Callback groups would happen here */
        default: GrfMsg(1, "NewSpriteGroup: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
      }
    }
  }
 
  _cur.spritegroups[setid] = act_group;
}
 
std::span<const CargoLabel> GetCargoTranslationTable(const GRFFile &grffile)
{
  /* Always use the translation table if it's installed. */
  if (!grffile.cargo_list.empty()) return grffile.cargo_list;
 
  /* Pre-v7 use climate-dependent "slot" table. */
  if (grffile.grf_version < 7) return GetClimateDependentCargoTranslationTable();
 
  /* Otherwise use climate-independent "bitnum" table. */
  return GetClimateIndependentCargoTranslationTable();
}
 
static CargoType TranslateCargo(uint8_t feature, uint8_t ctype)
{
  /* Special cargo types for purchase list and stations */
  if ((feature == GSF_STATIONS || feature == GSF_ROADSTOPS) && ctype == 0xFE) return SpriteGroupCargo::SG_DEFAULT_NA;
  if (ctype == 0xFF) return SpriteGroupCargo::SG_PURCHASE;
 
  auto cargo_list = GetCargoTranslationTable(*_cur.grffile);
 
  /* Check if the cargo type is out of bounds of the cargo translation table */
  if (ctype >= cargo_list.size()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "TranslateCargo: Cargo type {} out of range (max {}), skipping.", ctype, (unsigned int)_cur.grffile->cargo_list.size() - 1);
    return INVALID_CARGO;
  }
 
  /* Look up the cargo label from the translation table */
  CargoLabel cl = cargo_list[ctype];
  if (cl == CT_INVALID) {
    GrfMsg(5, "TranslateCargo: Cargo type {} not available in this climate, skipping.", ctype);
    return INVALID_CARGO;
  }
 
  CargoType cargo_type = GetCargoTypeByLabel(cl);
  if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo_type)) {
    GrfMsg(5, "TranslateCargo: Cargo '{:c}{:c}{:c}{:c}' unsupported, skipping.", GB(cl.base(), 24, 8), GB(cl.base(), 16, 8), GB(cl.base(), 8, 8), GB(cl.base(), 0, 8));
    return INVALID_CARGO;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(6, "TranslateCargo: Cargo '{:c}{:c}{:c}{:c}' mapped to cargo type {}.", GB(cl.base(), 24, 8), GB(cl.base(), 16, 8), GB(cl.base(), 8, 8), GB(cl.base(), 0, 8), cargo_type);
  return cargo_type;
}
 
 
static bool IsValidGroupID(uint16_t groupid, const char *function)
{
  if (groupid > MAX_SPRITEGROUP || _cur.spritegroups[groupid] == nullptr) {
    GrfMsg(1, "{}: Spritegroup 0x{:04X} out of range or empty, skipping.", function, groupid);
    return false;
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
static void VehicleMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t feature, uint8_t idcount)
{
  static std::vector<EngineID> last_engines; // Engine IDs are remembered in case the next action is a wagon override.
  bool wagover = false;
 
  /* Test for 'wagon override' flag */
  if (HasBit(idcount, 7)) {
    wagover = true;
    /* Strip off the flag */
    idcount = GB(idcount, 0, 7);
 
    if (last_engines.empty()) {
      GrfMsg(0, "VehicleMapSpriteGroup: WagonOverride: No engine to do override with");
      return;
    }
 
    GrfMsg(6, "VehicleMapSpriteGroup: WagonOverride: {} engines, {} wagons", last_engines.size(), idcount);
  } else {
    last_engines.resize(idcount);
  }
 
  std::vector<EngineID> engines;
  engines.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    Engine *e = GetNewEngine(_cur.grffile, (VehicleType)feature, buf.ReadExtendedByte());
    if (e == nullptr) {
      /* No engine could be allocated?!? Deal with it. Okay,
       * this might look bad. Also make sure this NewGRF
       * gets disabled, as a half loaded one is bad. */
      HandleChangeInfoResult("VehicleMapSpriteGroup", CIR_INVALID_ID, 0, 0);
      return;
    }
 
    engines.push_back(e->index);
    if (!wagover) last_engines[i] = engines[i];
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "VehicleMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    GrfMsg(8, "VehicleMapSpriteGroup: * [{}] Cargo type 0x{:X}, group id 0x{:02X}", c, ctype, groupid);
 
    CargoType cargo_type = TranslateCargo(feature, ctype);
    if (!IsValidCargoType(cargo_type)) continue;
 
    for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
      EngineID engine = engines[i];
 
      GrfMsg(7, "VehicleMapSpriteGroup: [{}] Engine {}...", i, engine);
 
      if (wagover) {
        SetWagonOverrideSprites(engine, cargo_type, _cur.spritegroups[groupid], last_engines);
      } else {
        SetCustomEngineSprites(engine, cargo_type, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
      }
    }
  }
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "VehicleMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  GrfMsg(8, "-- Default group id 0x{:04X}", groupid);
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    EngineID engine = engines[i];
 
    if (wagover) {
      SetWagonOverrideSprites(engine, SpriteGroupCargo::SG_DEFAULT, _cur.spritegroups[groupid], last_engines);
    } else {
      SetCustomEngineSprites(engine, SpriteGroupCargo::SG_DEFAULT, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
      SetEngineGRF(engine, _cur.grffile);
    }
  }
}
 
 
static void CanalMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  std::vector<uint16_t> cfs;
  cfs.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    cfs.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "CanalMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &cf : cfs) {
    if (cf >= CF_END) {
      GrfMsg(1, "CanalMapSpriteGroup: Canal subset {} out of range, skipping", cf);
      continue;
    }
 
    _water_feature[cf].grffile = _cur.grffile;
    _water_feature[cf].group = _cur.spritegroups[groupid];
  }
}
 
 
static void StationMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->stations.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "StationMapSpriteGroup: No stations defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> stations;
  stations.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    stations.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "StationMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    ctype = TranslateCargo(GSF_STATIONS, ctype);
    if (!IsValidCargoType(ctype)) continue;
 
    for (auto &station : stations) {
      StationSpec *statspec = station >= _cur.grffile->stations.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->stations[station].get();
 
      if (statspec == nullptr) {
        GrfMsg(1, "StationMapSpriteGroup: Station {} undefined, skipping", station);
        continue;
      }
 
      statspec->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(ctype, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    }
  }
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "StationMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &station : stations) {
    StationSpec *statspec = station >= _cur.grffile->stations.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->stations[station].get();
 
    if (statspec == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "StationMapSpriteGroup: Station {} undefined, skipping", station);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (statspec->grf_prop.HasGrfFile()) {
      GrfMsg(1, "StationMapSpriteGroup: Station {} mapped multiple times, skipping", station);
      continue;
    }
 
    statspec->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(SpriteGroupCargo::SG_DEFAULT, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    statspec->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
    statspec->grf_prop.local_id = station;
    StationClass::Assign(statspec);
  }
}
 
 
static void TownHouseMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->housespec.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "TownHouseMapSpriteGroup: No houses defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> houses;
  houses.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    houses.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  /* Skip the cargo type section, we only care about the default group */
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "TownHouseMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &house : houses) {
    HouseSpec *hs = house >= _cur.grffile->housespec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->housespec[house].get();
 
    if (hs == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "TownHouseMapSpriteGroup: House {} undefined, skipping.", house);
      continue;
    }
 
    hs->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(0, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
  }
}
 
static void IndustryMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->industryspec.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "IndustryMapSpriteGroup: No industries defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> industries;
  industries.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    industries.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  /* Skip the cargo type section, we only care about the default group */
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "IndustryMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &industry : industries) {
    IndustrySpec *indsp = industry >= _cur.grffile->industryspec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->industryspec[industry].get();
 
    if (indsp == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "IndustryMapSpriteGroup: Industry {} undefined, skipping", industry);
      continue;
    }
 
    indsp->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(0, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
  }
}
 
static void IndustrytileMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->indtspec.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "IndustrytileMapSpriteGroup: No industry tiles defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> indtiles;
  indtiles.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    indtiles.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  /* Skip the cargo type section, we only care about the default group */
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "IndustrytileMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &indtile : indtiles) {
    IndustryTileSpec *indtsp = indtile >= _cur.grffile->indtspec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->indtspec[indtile].get();
 
    if (indtsp == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "IndustrytileMapSpriteGroup: Industry tile {} undefined, skipping", indtile);
      continue;
    }
 
    indtsp->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(0, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
  }
}
 
static void CargoMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  std::vector<uint16_t> cargoes;
  cargoes.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    cargoes.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  /* Skip the cargo type section, we only care about the default group */
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "CargoMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &cargo_type : cargoes) {
    if (cargo_type >= NUM_CARGO) {
      GrfMsg(1, "CargoMapSpriteGroup: Cargo type {} out of range, skipping", cargo_type);
      continue;
    }
 
    CargoSpec *cs = CargoSpec::Get(cargo_type);
    cs->grffile = _cur.grffile;
    cs->group = _cur.spritegroups[groupid];
  }
}
 
static void ObjectMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->objectspec.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup: No object tiles defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> objects;
  objects.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    objects.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    /* The only valid option here is purchase list sprite groups. */
    if (ctype != 0xFF) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup: Invalid cargo bitnum {} for objects, skipping.", ctype);
      continue;
    }
 
    for (auto &object : objects) {
      ObjectSpec *spec = object >= _cur.grffile->objectspec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->objectspec[object].get();
 
      if (spec == nullptr) {
        GrfMsg(1, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup: Object {} undefined, skipping", object);
        continue;
      }
 
      spec->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(OBJECT_SPRITE_GROUP_PURCHASE, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    }
  }
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &object : objects) {
    ObjectSpec *spec = object >= _cur.grffile->objectspec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->objectspec[object].get();
 
    if (spec == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup: Object {} undefined, skipping", object);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (spec->grf_prop.HasGrfFile()) {
      GrfMsg(1, "ObjectMapSpriteGroup: Object {} mapped multiple times, skipping", object);
      continue;
    }
 
    spec->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(OBJECT_SPRITE_GROUP_DEFAULT, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    spec->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
    spec->grf_prop.local_id = object;
  }
}
 
static void RailTypeMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  std::vector<uint8_t> railtypes;
  railtypes.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    uint16_t id = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
    railtypes.push_back(id < RAILTYPE_END ? _cur.grffile->railtype_map[id] : INVALID_RAILTYPE);
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "RailTypeMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    if (ctype >= RTSG_END) continue;
 
    extern RailTypeInfo _railtypes[RAILTYPE_END];
    for (auto &railtype : railtypes) {
      if (railtype != INVALID_RAILTYPE) {
        RailTypeInfo *rti = &_railtypes[railtype];
 
        rti->grffile[ctype] = _cur.grffile;
        rti->group[ctype] = _cur.spritegroups[groupid];
      }
    }
  }
 
  /* Railtypes do not use the default group. */
  buf.ReadWord();
}
 
static void RoadTypeMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount, RoadTramType rtt)
{
  std::array<RoadType, ROADTYPE_END> &type_map = (rtt == RTT_TRAM) ? _cur.grffile->tramtype_map : _cur.grffile->roadtype_map;
 
  std::vector<uint8_t> roadtypes;
  roadtypes.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    uint16_t id = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
    roadtypes.push_back(id < ROADTYPE_END ? type_map[id] : INVALID_ROADTYPE);
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "RoadTypeMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    if (ctype >= ROTSG_END) continue;
 
    extern RoadTypeInfo _roadtypes[ROADTYPE_END];
    for (auto &roadtype : roadtypes) {
      if (roadtype != INVALID_ROADTYPE) {
        RoadTypeInfo *rti = &_roadtypes[roadtype];
 
        rti->grffile[ctype] = _cur.grffile;
        rti->group[ctype] = _cur.spritegroups[groupid];
      }
    }
  }
 
  /* Roadtypes do not use the default group. */
  buf.ReadWord();
}
 
static void AirportMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->airportspec.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "AirportMapSpriteGroup: No airports defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> airports;
  airports.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    airports.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  /* Skip the cargo type section, we only care about the default group */
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "AirportMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &airport : airports) {
    AirportSpec *as = airport >= _cur.grffile->airportspec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->airportspec[airport].get();
 
    if (as == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "AirportMapSpriteGroup: Airport {} undefined, skipping", airport);
      continue;
    }
 
    as->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(0, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
  }
}
 
static void AirportTileMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->airtspec.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "AirportTileMapSpriteGroup: No airport tiles defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> airptiles;
  airptiles.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    airptiles.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  /* Skip the cargo type section, we only care about the default group */
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  buf.Skip(cidcount * 3);
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "AirportTileMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &airptile : airptiles) {
    AirportTileSpec *airtsp = airptile >= _cur.grffile->airtspec.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->airtspec[airptile].get();
 
    if (airtsp == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "AirportTileMapSpriteGroup: Airport tile {} undefined, skipping", airptile);
      continue;
    }
 
    airtsp->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(0, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
  }
}
 
static void RoadStopMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->roadstops.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "RoadStopMapSpriteGroup: No roadstops defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> roadstops;
  roadstops.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    roadstops.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "RoadStopMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    ctype = TranslateCargo(GSF_ROADSTOPS, ctype);
    if (!IsValidCargoType(ctype)) continue;
 
    for (auto &roadstop : roadstops) {
      RoadStopSpec *roadstopspec = roadstop >= _cur.grffile->roadstops.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->roadstops[roadstop].get();
 
      if (roadstopspec == nullptr) {
        GrfMsg(1, "RoadStopMapSpriteGroup: Road stop {} undefined, skipping", roadstop);
        continue;
      }
 
      roadstopspec->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(ctype, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    }
  }
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "RoadStopMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &roadstop : roadstops) {
    RoadStopSpec *roadstopspec = roadstop >= _cur.grffile->roadstops.size() ? nullptr : _cur.grffile->roadstops[roadstop].get();
 
    if (roadstopspec == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(1, "RoadStopMapSpriteGroup: Road stop {} undefined, skipping.", roadstop);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (roadstopspec->grf_prop.HasGrfFile()) {
      GrfMsg(1, "RoadStopMapSpriteGroup: Road stop {} mapped multiple times, skipping", roadstop);
      continue;
    }
 
    roadstopspec->grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(SpriteGroupCargo::SG_DEFAULT, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    roadstopspec->grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
    roadstopspec->grf_prop.local_id = roadstop;
    RoadStopClass::Assign(roadstopspec);
  }
}
 
static void BadgeMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t idcount)
{
  if (_cur.grffile->badge_map.empty()) {
    GrfMsg(1, "BadgeMapSpriteGroup: No badges defined, skipping");
    return;
  }
 
  std::vector<uint16_t> local_ids;
  local_ids.reserve(idcount);
  for (uint i = 0; i < idcount; i++) {
    local_ids.push_back(buf.ReadExtendedByte());
  }
 
  uint8_t cidcount = buf.ReadByte();
  for (uint c = 0; c < cidcount; c++) {
    uint8_t ctype = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "BadgeMapSpriteGroup")) continue;
 
    if (ctype >= GSF_END) continue;
 
    for (const auto &local_id : local_ids) {
      auto found = _cur.grffile->badge_map.find(local_id);
      if (found == std::end(_cur.grffile->badge_map)) {
        GrfMsg(1, "BadgeMapSpriteGroup: Badge {} undefined, skipping", local_id);
        continue;
      }
 
      auto &badge = *GetBadge(found->second);
      badge.grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(ctype, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    }
  }
 
  uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
  if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "BadgeMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
  for (auto &local_id : local_ids) {
    auto found = _cur.grffile->badge_map.find(local_id);
    if (found == std::end(_cur.grffile->badge_map)) {
      GrfMsg(1, "BadgeMapSpriteGroup: Badge {} undefined, skipping", local_id);
      continue;
    }
 
    auto &badge = *GetBadge(found->second);
    badge.grf_prop.SetSpriteGroup(GSF_END, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    badge.grf_prop.SetGRFFile(_cur.grffile);
    badge.grf_prop.local_id = local_id;
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x03 */
static void FeatureMapSpriteGroup(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <03> <feature> <n-id> <ids>... <num-cid> [<cargo-type> <cid>]... <def-cid>
   * id-list    := [<id>] [id-list]
   * cargo-list := <cargo-type> <cid> [cargo-list]
   *
   * B feature       see action 0
   * B n-id          bits 0-6: how many IDs this definition applies to
   *                 bit 7: if set, this is a wagon override definition (see below)
   * E ids           the IDs for which this definition applies
   * B num-cid       number of cargo IDs (sprite group IDs) in this definition
   *                 can be zero, in that case the def-cid is used always
   * B cargo-type    type of this cargo type (e.g. mail=2, wood=7, see below)
   * W cid           cargo ID (sprite group ID) for this type of cargo
   * W def-cid       default cargo ID (sprite group ID) */
 
  uint8_t feature = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t idcount = buf.ReadByte();
 
  if (feature >= GSF_END) {
    GrfMsg(1, "FeatureMapSpriteGroup: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
    return;
  }
 
  /* If idcount is zero, this is a feature callback */
  if (idcount == 0) {
    /* Skip number of cargo ids? */
    buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t groupid = buf.ReadWord();
    if (!IsValidGroupID(groupid, "FeatureMapSpriteGroup")) return;
 
    GrfMsg(6, "FeatureMapSpriteGroup: Adding generic feature callback for feature 0x{:02X}", feature);
 
    AddGenericCallback(feature, _cur.grffile, _cur.spritegroups[groupid]);
    return;
  }
 
  /* Mark the feature as used by the grf (generic callbacks do not count) */
  SetBit(_cur.grffile->grf_features, feature);
 
  GrfMsg(6, "FeatureMapSpriteGroup: Feature 0x{:02X}, {} ids", feature, idcount);
 
  switch (feature) {
    case GSF_TRAINS:
    case GSF_ROADVEHICLES:
    case GSF_SHIPS:
    case GSF_AIRCRAFT:
      VehicleMapSpriteGroup(buf, feature, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_CANALS:
      CanalMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_STATIONS:
      StationMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_HOUSES:
      TownHouseMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_INDUSTRIES:
      IndustryMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_INDUSTRYTILES:
      IndustrytileMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_CARGOES:
      CargoMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_AIRPORTS:
      AirportMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_OBJECTS:
      ObjectMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      break;
 
    case GSF_RAILTYPES:
      RailTypeMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      break;
 
    case GSF_ROADTYPES:
      RoadTypeMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount, RTT_ROAD);
      break;
 
    case GSF_TRAMTYPES:
      RoadTypeMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount, RTT_TRAM);
      break;
 
    case GSF_AIRPORTTILES:
      AirportTileMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_ROADSTOPS:
      RoadStopMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      return;
 
    case GSF_BADGES:
      BadgeMapSpriteGroup(buf, idcount);
      break;
 
    default:
      GrfMsg(1, "FeatureMapSpriteGroup: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
      return;
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x04 */
static void FeatureNewName(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <04> <veh-type> <language-id> <num-veh> <offset> <data...>
   *
   * B veh-type      see action 0 (as 00..07, + 0A
   *                 But IF veh-type = 48, then generic text
   * B language-id   If bit 6 is set, This is the extended language scheme,
   *                 with up to 64 language.
   *                 Otherwise, it is a mapping where set bits have meaning
   *                 0 = american, 1 = english, 2 = german, 3 = french, 4 = spanish
   *                 Bit 7 set means this is a generic text, not a vehicle one (or else)
   * B num-veh       number of vehicles which are getting a new name
   * B/W offset      number of the first vehicle that gets a new name
   *                 Byte : ID of vehicle to change
   *                 Word : ID of string to change/add
   * S data          new texts, each of them zero-terminated, after
   *                 which the next name begins. */
 
  bool new_scheme = _cur.grffile->grf_version >= 7;
 
  uint8_t feature  = buf.ReadByte();
  if (feature >= GSF_END && feature != 0x48) {
    GrfMsg(1, "FeatureNewName: Unsupported feature 0x{:02X}, skipping", feature);
    return;
  }
 
  uint8_t lang     = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t num      = buf.ReadByte();
  bool generic   = HasBit(lang, 7);
  uint16_t id;
  if (generic) {
    id = buf.ReadWord();
  } else if (feature <= GSF_AIRCRAFT || feature == GSF_BADGES) {
    id = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
  } else {
    id = buf.ReadByte();
  }
 
  ClrBit(lang, 7);
 
  uint16_t endid = id + num;
 
  GrfMsg(6, "FeatureNewName: About to rename engines {}..{} (feature 0x{:02X}) in language 0x{:02X}",
                 id, endid, feature, lang);
 
  /* Feature overlay to make non-generic strings unique in their feature. We use feature + 1 so that generic strings stay as they are. */
  uint32_t feature_overlay = generic ? 0 : ((feature + 1) << 16);
 
  for (; id < endid && buf.HasData(); id++) {
    const std::string_view name = buf.ReadString();
    GrfMsg(8, "FeatureNewName: 0x{:04X} <- {}", id, StrMakeValid(name));
 
    switch (feature) {
      case GSF_TRAINS:
      case GSF_ROADVEHICLES:
      case GSF_SHIPS:
      case GSF_AIRCRAFT:
        if (!generic) {
          Engine *e = GetNewEngine(_cur.grffile, (VehicleType)feature, id, _cur.grfconfig->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static));
          if (e == nullptr) break;
          StringID string = AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{feature_overlay | e->index.base()}, lang, new_scheme, false, name, e->info.string_id);
          e->info.string_id = string;
        } else {
          AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, true, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
        }
        break;
 
      case GSF_BADGES: {
        if (!generic) {
          auto found = _cur.grffile->badge_map.find(id);
          if (found == std::end(_cur.grffile->badge_map)) {
            GrfMsg(1, "FeatureNewName: Attempt to name undefined badge 0x{:X}, ignoring", id);
          } else {
            Badge &badge = *GetBadge(found->second);
            badge.name = AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{feature_overlay | id}, lang, true, false, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
          }
        } else {
          AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, true, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
        }
        break;
      }
 
      default:
        if (IsInsideMM(id, 0xD000, 0xD400) || IsInsideMM(id, 0xD800, 0x10000)) {
          AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, true, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
          break;
        }
 
        switch (GB(id, 8, 8)) {
          case 0xC4: // Station class name
            if (GB(id, 0, 8) >= _cur.grffile->stations.size() || _cur.grffile->stations[GB(id, 0, 8)] == nullptr) {
              GrfMsg(1, "FeatureNewName: Attempt to name undefined station 0x{:X}, ignoring", GB(id, 0, 8));
            } else {
              StationClassID class_index = _cur.grffile->stations[GB(id, 0, 8)]->class_index;
              StationClass::Get(class_index)->name = AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, false, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
            }
            break;
 
          case 0xC5: // Station name
            if (GB(id, 0, 8) >= _cur.grffile->stations.size() || _cur.grffile->stations[GB(id, 0, 8)] == nullptr) {
              GrfMsg(1, "FeatureNewName: Attempt to name undefined station 0x{:X}, ignoring", GB(id, 0, 8));
            } else {
              _cur.grffile->stations[GB(id, 0, 8)]->name = AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, false, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
            }
            break;
 
          case 0xC7: // Airporttile name
            if (GB(id, 0, 8) >= _cur.grffile->airtspec.size() || _cur.grffile->airtspec[GB(id, 0, 8)] == nullptr) {
              GrfMsg(1, "FeatureNewName: Attempt to name undefined airport tile 0x{:X}, ignoring", GB(id, 0, 8));
            } else {
              _cur.grffile->airtspec[GB(id, 0, 8)]->name = AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, false, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
            }
            break;
 
          case 0xC9: // House name
            if (GB(id, 0, 8) >= _cur.grffile->housespec.size() || _cur.grffile->housespec[GB(id, 0, 8)] == nullptr) {
              GrfMsg(1, "FeatureNewName: Attempt to name undefined house 0x{:X}, ignoring.", GB(id, 0, 8));
            } else {
              _cur.grffile->housespec[GB(id, 0, 8)]->building_name = AddGRFString(_cur.grffile->grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, false, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
            }
            break;
 
          default:
            GrfMsg(7, "FeatureNewName: Unsupported ID (0x{:04X})", id);
            break;
        }
        break;
    }
  }
}
 
static uint16_t SanitizeSpriteOffset(uint16_t &num, uint16_t offset, int max_sprites, const std::string_view name)
{
 
  if (offset >= max_sprites) {
    GrfMsg(1, "GraphicsNew: {} sprite offset must be less than {}, skipping", name, max_sprites);
    uint orig_num = num;
    num = 0;
    return orig_num;
  }
 
  if (offset + num > max_sprites) {
    GrfMsg(4, "GraphicsNew: {} sprite overflow, truncating...", name);
    uint orig_num = num;
    num = std::max(max_sprites - offset, 0);
    return orig_num - num;
  }
 
  return 0;
}
 
 
static constexpr auto _action5_types = std::to_array<Action5Type>({
  /* Note: min_sprites should not be changed. Therefore these constants are directly here and not in sprites.h */
  /* 0x00 */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                            0, 0,                                           "Type 0x00"                },
  /* 0x01 */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                            0, 0,                                           "Type 0x01"                },
  /* 0x02 */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                            0, 0,                                           "Type 0x02"                },
  /* 0x03 */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                            0, 0,                                           "Type 0x03"                },
  /* 0x04 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_SIGNALS_BASE,             1, PRESIGNAL_SEMAPHORE_AND_PBS_SPRITE_COUNT,    "Signal graphics"          },
  /* 0x05 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_ELRAIL_BASE,              1, ELRAIL_SPRITE_COUNT,                         "Rail catenary graphics"   },
  /* 0x06 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_SLOPES_BASE,              1, NORMAL_AND_HALFTILE_FOUNDATION_SPRITE_COUNT, "Foundation graphics"      },
  /* 0x07 */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                           75, 0,                                           "TTDP GUI graphics"        }, // Not used by OTTD.
  /* 0x08 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_CANALS_BASE,              1, CANALS_SPRITE_COUNT,                         "Canal graphics"           },
  /* 0x09 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_ONEWAY_BASE,              1, ONEWAY_SPRITE_COUNT,                         "One way road graphics"    },
  /* 0x0A */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_2CCMAP_BASE,              1, TWOCCMAP_SPRITE_COUNT,                       "2CC colour maps"          },
  /* 0x0B */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_TRAMWAY_BASE,             1, TRAMWAY_SPRITE_COUNT,                        "Tramway graphics"         },
  /* 0x0C */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                          133, 0,                                           "Snowy temperate tree"     }, // Not yet used by OTTD.
  /* 0x0D */ { A5BLOCK_FIXED,        SPR_SHORE_BASE,              16, SHORE_SPRITE_COUNT,                          "Shore graphics"           },
  /* 0x0E */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                            0, 0,                                           "New Signals graphics"     }, // Not yet used by OTTD.
  /* 0x0F */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_TRACKS_FOR_SLOPES_BASE,   1, TRACKS_FOR_SLOPES_SPRITE_COUNT,              "Sloped rail track"        },
  /* 0x10 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_AIRPORTX_BASE,            1, AIRPORTX_SPRITE_COUNT,                       "Airport graphics"         },
  /* 0x11 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_ROADSTOP_BASE,            1, ROADSTOP_SPRITE_COUNT,                       "Road stop graphics"       },
  /* 0x12 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_AQUEDUCT_BASE,            1, AQUEDUCT_SPRITE_COUNT,                       "Aqueduct graphics"        },
  /* 0x13 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_AUTORAIL_BASE,            1, AUTORAIL_SPRITE_COUNT,                       "Autorail graphics"        },
  /* 0x14 */ { A5BLOCK_INVALID,      0,                            1, 0,                                           "Flag graphics"            }, // deprecated, no longer used.
  /* 0x15 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_OPENTTD_BASE,             1, OPENTTD_SPRITE_COUNT,                        "OpenTTD GUI graphics"     },
  /* 0x16 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_AIRPORT_PREVIEW_BASE,     1, AIRPORT_PREVIEW_SPRITE_COUNT,                "Airport preview graphics" },
  /* 0x17 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_RAILTYPE_TUNNEL_BASE,     1, RAILTYPE_TUNNEL_BASE_COUNT,                  "Railtype tunnel base"     },
  /* 0x18 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_PALETTE_BASE,             1, PALETTE_SPRITE_COUNT,                        "Palette"                  },
  /* 0x19 */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_ROAD_WAYPOINTS_BASE,      1, ROAD_WAYPOINTS_SPRITE_COUNT,                 "Road waypoints"           },
  /* 0x1A */ { A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET, SPR_OVERLAY_ROCKS_BASE,       1, OVERLAY_ROCKS_SPRITE_COUNT,                  "Overlay rocks"            },
});
 
std::span<const Action5Type> GetAction5Types()
{
  return _action5_types;
}
 
/* Action 0x05 */
static void GraphicsNew(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <05> <graphics-type> <num-sprites> <other data...>
   *
   * B graphics-type What set of graphics the sprites define.
   * E num-sprites   How many sprites are in this set?
   * V other data    Graphics type specific data.  Currently unused. */
 
  uint8_t type = buf.ReadByte();
  uint16_t num = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
  uint16_t offset = HasBit(type, 7) ? buf.ReadExtendedByte() : 0;
  ClrBit(type, 7); // Clear the high bit as that only indicates whether there is an offset.
 
  if ((type == 0x0D) && (num == 10) && _cur.grfconfig->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::System)) {
    /* Special not-TTDP-compatible case used in openttd.grf
     * Missing shore sprites and initialisation of SPR_SHORE_BASE */
    GrfMsg(2, "GraphicsNew: Loading 10 missing shore sprites from extra grf.");
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE +  0, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_STEEP_S
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE +  5, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_STEEP_W
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE +  7, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_WSE
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 10, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_STEEP_N
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 11, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_NWS
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 13, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_ENW
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 14, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_SEN
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 15, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_STEEP_E
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 16, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_EW
    LoadNextSprite(SPR_SHORE_BASE + 17, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line++); // SLOPE_NS
    if (_loaded_newgrf_features.shore == SHORE_REPLACE_NONE) _loaded_newgrf_features.shore = SHORE_REPLACE_ONLY_NEW;
    return;
  }
 
  /* Supported type? */
  if ((type >= std::size(_action5_types)) || (_action5_types[type].block_type == A5BLOCK_INVALID)) {
    GrfMsg(2, "GraphicsNew: Custom graphics (type 0x{:02X}) sprite block of length {} (unimplemented, ignoring)", type, num);
    _cur.skip_sprites = num;
    return;
  }
 
  const Action5Type *action5_type = &_action5_types[type];
 
  /* Contrary to TTDP we allow always to specify too few sprites as we allow always an offset,
   * except for the long version of the shore type:
   * Ignore offset if not allowed */
  if ((action5_type->block_type != A5BLOCK_ALLOW_OFFSET) && (offset != 0)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "GraphicsNew: {} (type 0x{:02X}) do not allow an <offset> field. Ignoring offset.", action5_type->name, type);
    offset = 0;
  }
 
  /* Ignore action5 if too few sprites are specified. (for TTDP compatibility)
   * This does not make sense, if <offset> is allowed */
  if ((action5_type->block_type == A5BLOCK_FIXED) && (num < action5_type->min_sprites)) {
    GrfMsg(1, "GraphicsNew: {} (type 0x{:02X}) count must be at least {}. Only {} were specified. Skipping.", action5_type->name, type, action5_type->min_sprites, num);
    _cur.skip_sprites = num;
    return;
  }
 
  /* Load at most max_sprites sprites. Skip remaining sprites. (for compatibility with TTDP and future extensions) */
  uint16_t skip_num = SanitizeSpriteOffset(num, offset, action5_type->max_sprites, action5_type->name);
  SpriteID replace = action5_type->sprite_base + offset;
 
  /* Load <num> sprites starting from <replace>, then skip <skip_num> sprites. */
  GrfMsg(2, "GraphicsNew: Replacing sprites {} to {} of {} (type 0x{:02X}) at SpriteID 0x{:04X}", offset, offset + num - 1, action5_type->name, type, replace);
 
  if (type == 0x0D) _loaded_newgrf_features.shore = SHORE_REPLACE_ACTION_5;
 
  if (type == 0x0B) {
    static const SpriteID depot_with_track_offset = SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK - SPR_TRAMWAY_BASE;
    static const SpriteID depot_no_track_offset = SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK - SPR_TRAMWAY_BASE;
    if (offset <= depot_with_track_offset && offset + num > depot_with_track_offset) _loaded_newgrf_features.tram = TRAMWAY_REPLACE_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK;
    if (offset <= depot_no_track_offset && offset + num > depot_no_track_offset) _loaded_newgrf_features.tram = TRAMWAY_REPLACE_DEPOT_NO_TRACK;
  }
 
  /* If the baseset or grf only provides sprites for flat tiles (pre #10282), duplicate those for use on slopes. */
  bool dup_oneway_sprites = ((type == 0x09) && (offset + num <= ONEWAY_SLOPE_N_OFFSET));
 
  for (; num > 0; num--) {
    _cur.nfo_line++;
    SpriteID load_index = (replace == 0 ? _cur.spriteid++ : replace++);
    LoadNextSprite(load_index, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line);
    if (dup_oneway_sprites) {
      DupSprite(load_index, load_index + ONEWAY_SLOPE_N_OFFSET);
      DupSprite(load_index, load_index + ONEWAY_SLOPE_S_OFFSET);
    }
  }
 
  _cur.skip_sprites = skip_num;
}
 
/* Action 0x05 (SKIP) */
static void SkipAct5(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* Ignore type byte */
  buf.ReadByte();
 
  /* Skip the sprites of this action */
  _cur.skip_sprites = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
 
  GrfMsg(3, "SkipAct5: Skipping {} sprites", _cur.skip_sprites);
}
 
bool GetGlobalVariable(uint8_t param, uint32_t *value, const GRFFile *grffile)
{
  switch (param) {
    case 0x00: // current date
      *value = std::max(TimerGameCalendar::date - CalendarTime::DAYS_TILL_ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR, TimerGameCalendar::Date(0)).base();
      return true;
 
    case 0x01: // current year
      *value = (Clamp(TimerGameCalendar::year, CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR, CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_MAX_YEAR) - CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR).base();
      return true;
 
    case 0x02: { // detailed date information: month of year (bit 0-7), day of month (bit 8-12), leap year (bit 15), day of year (bit 16-24)
      TimerGameCalendar::YearMonthDay ymd = TimerGameCalendar::ConvertDateToYMD(TimerGameCalendar::date);
      TimerGameCalendar::Date start_of_year = TimerGameCalendar::ConvertYMDToDate(ymd.year, 0, 1);
      *value = ymd.month | (ymd.day - 1) << 8 | (TimerGameCalendar::IsLeapYear(ymd.year) ? 1 << 15 : 0) | (TimerGameCalendar::date - start_of_year).base() << 16;
      return true;
    }
 
    case 0x03: // current climate, 0=temp, 1=arctic, 2=trop, 3=toyland
      *value = to_underlying(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape);
      return true;
 
    case 0x06: // road traffic side, bit 4 clear=left, set=right
      *value = _settings_game.vehicle.road_side << 4;
      return true;
 
    case 0x09: // date fraction
      *value = TimerGameCalendar::date_fract * 885;
      return true;
 
    case 0x0A: // animation counter
      *value = GB(TimerGameTick::counter, 0, 16);
      return true;
 
    case 0x0B: { // TTDPatch version
      uint major    = 2;
      uint minor    = 6;
      uint revision = 1; // special case: 2.0.1 is 2.0.10
      uint build    = 1382;
      *value = (major << 24) | (minor << 20) | (revision << 16) | build;
      return true;
    }
 
    case 0x0D: // TTD Version, 00=DOS, 01=Windows
      *value = _cur.grfconfig->palette & GRFP_USE_MASK;
      return true;
 
    case 0x0E: // Y-offset for train sprites
      *value = _cur.grffile->traininfo_vehicle_pitch;
      return true;
 
    case 0x0F: // Rail track type cost factors
      *value = 0;
      SB(*value, 0, 8, GetRailTypeInfo(RAILTYPE_RAIL)->cost_multiplier); // normal rail
      if (_settings_game.vehicle.disable_elrails) {
        /* skip elrail multiplier - disabled */
        SB(*value, 8, 8, GetRailTypeInfo(RAILTYPE_MONO)->cost_multiplier); // monorail
      } else {
        SB(*value, 8, 8, GetRailTypeInfo(RAILTYPE_ELECTRIC)->cost_multiplier); // electified railway
        /* Skip monorail multiplier - no space in result */
      }
      SB(*value, 16, 8, GetRailTypeInfo(RAILTYPE_MAGLEV)->cost_multiplier); // maglev
      return true;
 
    case 0x11: // current rail tool type
      *value = 0; // constant fake value to avoid desync
      return true;
 
    case 0x12: // Game mode
      *value = _game_mode;
      return true;
 
    /* case 0x13: // Tile refresh offset to left    not implemented */
    /* case 0x14: // Tile refresh offset to right   not implemented */
    /* case 0x15: // Tile refresh offset upwards    not implemented */
    /* case 0x16: // Tile refresh offset downwards  not implemented */
    /* case 0x17: // temperate snow line            not implemented */
 
    case 0x1A: // Always -1
      *value = UINT_MAX;
      return true;
 
    case 0x1B: // Display options
      *value = 0x3F; // constant fake value to avoid desync
      return true;
 
    case 0x1D: // TTD Platform, 00=TTDPatch, 01=OpenTTD
      *value = 1;
      return true;
 
    case 0x1E: // Miscellaneous GRF features
      *value = _misc_grf_features;
 
      /* Add the local flags */
      assert(!HasBit(*value, GMB_TRAIN_WIDTH_32_PIXELS));
      if (_cur.grffile->traininfo_vehicle_width == VEHICLEINFO_FULL_VEHICLE_WIDTH) SetBit(*value, GMB_TRAIN_WIDTH_32_PIXELS);
      return true;
 
    /* case 0x1F: // locale dependent settings not implemented to avoid desync */
 
    case 0x20: { // snow line height
      uint8_t snowline = GetSnowLine();
      if (_settings_game.game_creation.landscape == LandscapeType::Arctic && snowline <= _settings_game.construction.map_height_limit) {
        *value = Clamp(snowline * (grffile->grf_version >= 8 ? 1 : TILE_HEIGHT), 0, 0xFE);
      } else {
        /* No snow */
        *value = 0xFF;
      }
      return true;
    }
 
    case 0x21: // OpenTTD version
      *value = _openttd_newgrf_version;
      return true;
 
    case 0x22: // difficulty level
      *value = SP_CUSTOM;
      return true;
 
    case 0x23: // long format date
      *value = TimerGameCalendar::date.base();
      return true;
 
    case 0x24: // long format year
      *value = TimerGameCalendar::year.base();
      return true;
 
    default: return false;
  }
}
 
static uint32_t GetParamVal(uint8_t param, uint32_t *cond_val)
{
  /* First handle variable common with VarAction2 */
  uint32_t value;
  if (GetGlobalVariable(param - 0x80, &value, _cur.grffile)) return value;
 
 
  /* Non-common variable */
  switch (param) {
    case 0x84: { // GRF loading stage
      uint32_t res = 0;
 
      if (_cur.stage > GLS_INIT) SetBit(res, 0);
      if (_cur.stage == GLS_RESERVE) SetBit(res, 8);
      if (_cur.stage == GLS_ACTIVATION) SetBit(res, 9);
      return res;
    }
 
    case 0x85: // TTDPatch flags, only for bit tests
      if (cond_val == nullptr) {
        /* Supported in Action 0x07 and 0x09, not 0x0D */
        return 0;
      } else {
        uint32_t index = *cond_val / 0x20;
        uint32_t param_val = index < lengthof(_ttdpatch_flags) ? _ttdpatch_flags[index] : 0;
        *cond_val %= 0x20;
        return param_val;
      }
 
    case 0x88: // GRF ID check
      return 0;
 
    /* case 0x99: Global ID offset not implemented */
 
    default:
      /* GRF Parameter */
      if (param < 0x80) return _cur.grffile->GetParam(param);
 
      /* In-game variable. */
      GrfMsg(1, "Unsupported in-game variable 0x{:02X}", param);
      return UINT_MAX;
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x06 */
static void CfgApply(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <06> <param-num> <param-size> <offset> ... <FF>
   *
   * B param-num     Number of parameter to substitute (First = "zero")
   *                 Ignored if that parameter was not specified in newgrf.cfg
   * B param-size    How many bytes to replace.  If larger than 4, the
   *                 bytes of the following parameter are used.  In that
   *                 case, nothing is applied unless *all* parameters
   *                 were specified.
   * B offset        Offset into data from beginning of next sprite
   *                 to place where parameter is to be stored. */
 
  /* Preload the next sprite */
  SpriteFile &file = *_cur.file;
  size_t pos = file.GetPos();
  uint32_t num = file.GetContainerVersion() >= 2 ? file.ReadDword() : file.ReadWord();
  uint8_t type = file.ReadByte();
 
  /* Check if the sprite is a pseudo sprite. We can't operate on real sprites. */
  if (type != 0xFF) {
    GrfMsg(2, "CfgApply: Ignoring (next sprite is real, unsupported)");
 
    /* Reset the file position to the start of the next sprite */
    file.SeekTo(pos, SEEK_SET);
    return;
  }
 
  /* Get (or create) the override for the next sprite. */
  GRFLocation location(_cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, _cur.nfo_line + 1);
  std::vector<uint8_t> &preload_sprite = _grf_line_to_action6_sprite_override[location];
 
  /* Load new sprite data if it hasn't already been loaded. */
  if (preload_sprite.empty()) {
    preload_sprite.resize(num);
    file.ReadBlock(preload_sprite.data(), num);
  }
 
  /* Reset the file position to the start of the next sprite */
  file.SeekTo(pos, SEEK_SET);
 
  /* Now perform the Action 0x06 on our data. */
  for (;;) {
    uint i;
    uint param_num;
    uint param_size;
    uint offset;
    bool add_value;
 
    /* Read the parameter to apply. 0xFF indicates no more data to change. */
    param_num = buf.ReadByte();
    if (param_num == 0xFF) break;
 
    /* Get the size of the parameter to use. If the size covers multiple
     * double words, sequential parameter values are used. */
    param_size = buf.ReadByte();
 
    /* Bit 7 of param_size indicates we should add to the original value
     * instead of replacing it. */
    add_value  = HasBit(param_size, 7);
    param_size = GB(param_size, 0, 7);
 
    /* Where to apply the data to within the pseudo sprite data. */
    offset     = buf.ReadExtendedByte();
 
    /* If the parameter is a GRF parameter (not an internal variable) check
     * if it (and all further sequential parameters) has been defined. */
    if (param_num < 0x80 && (param_num + (param_size - 1) / 4) >= std::size(_cur.grffile->param)) {
      GrfMsg(2, "CfgApply: Ignoring (param {} not set)", (param_num + (param_size - 1) / 4));
      break;
    }
 
    GrfMsg(8, "CfgApply: Applying {} bytes from parameter 0x{:02X} at offset 0x{:04X}", param_size, param_num, offset);
 
    bool carry = false;
    for (i = 0; i < param_size && offset + i < num; i++) {
      uint32_t value = GetParamVal(param_num + i / 4, nullptr);
      /* Reset carry flag for each iteration of the variable (only really
       * matters if param_size is greater than 4) */
      if (i % 4 == 0) carry = false;
 
      if (add_value) {
        uint new_value = preload_sprite[offset + i] + GB(value, (i % 4) * 8, 8) + (carry ? 1 : 0);
        preload_sprite[offset + i] = GB(new_value, 0, 8);
        /* Check if the addition overflowed */
        carry = new_value >= 256;
      } else {
        preload_sprite[offset + i] = GB(value, (i % 4) * 8, 8);
      }
    }
  }
}
 
static void DisableStaticNewGRFInfluencingNonStaticNewGRFs(GRFConfig &c)
{
  GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_STATIC_GRF_CAUSES_DESYNC, &c);
  error->data = _cur.grfconfig->GetName();
}
 
/* Action 0x07
 * Action 0x09 */
static void SkipIf(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <07/09> <param-num> <param-size> <condition-type> <value> <num-sprites>
   *
   * B param-num
   * B param-size
   * B condition-type
   * V value
   * B num-sprites */
  uint32_t cond_val = 0;
  uint32_t mask = 0;
  bool result;
 
  uint8_t param     = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t paramsize = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t condtype  = buf.ReadByte();
 
  if (condtype < 2) {
    /* Always 1 for bit tests, the given value should be ignored. */
    paramsize = 1;
  }
 
  switch (paramsize) {
    case 8: cond_val = buf.ReadDWord(); mask = buf.ReadDWord(); break;
    case 4: cond_val = buf.ReadDWord(); mask = 0xFFFFFFFF; break;
    case 2: cond_val = buf.ReadWord();  mask = 0x0000FFFF; break;
    case 1: cond_val = buf.ReadByte();  mask = 0x000000FF; break;
    default: break;
  }
 
  if (param < 0x80 && std::size(_cur.grffile->param) <= param) {
    GrfMsg(7, "SkipIf: Param {} undefined, skipping test", param);
    return;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(7, "SkipIf: Test condtype {}, param 0x{:02X}, condval 0x{:08X}", condtype, param, cond_val);
 
  /* condtypes that do not use 'param' are always valid.
   * condtypes that use 'param' are either not valid for param 0x88, or they are only valid for param 0x88.
   */
  if (condtype >= 0x0B) {
    /* Tests that ignore 'param' */
    switch (condtype) {
      case 0x0B: result = !IsValidCargoType(GetCargoTypeByLabel(CargoLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val))));
        break;
      case 0x0C: result = IsValidCargoType(GetCargoTypeByLabel(CargoLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val))));
        break;
      case 0x0D: result = GetRailTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val)) == INVALID_RAILTYPE;
        break;
      case 0x0E: result = GetRailTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val)) != INVALID_RAILTYPE;
        break;
      case 0x0F: {
        RoadType rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val));
        result = rt == INVALID_ROADTYPE || !RoadTypeIsRoad(rt);
        break;
      }
      case 0x10: {
        RoadType rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val));
        result = rt != INVALID_ROADTYPE && RoadTypeIsRoad(rt);
        break;
      }
      case 0x11: {
        RoadType rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val));
        result = rt == INVALID_ROADTYPE || !RoadTypeIsTram(rt);
        break;
      }
      case 0x12: {
        RoadType rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(std::byteswap(cond_val));
        result = rt != INVALID_ROADTYPE && RoadTypeIsTram(rt);
        break;
      }
      default: GrfMsg(1, "SkipIf: Unsupported condition type {:02X}. Ignoring", condtype); return;
    }
  } else if (param == 0x88) {
    /* GRF ID checks */
 
    GRFConfig *c = GetGRFConfig(cond_val, mask);
 
    if (c != nullptr && c->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static) && !_cur.grfconfig->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static) && _networking) {
      DisableStaticNewGRFInfluencingNonStaticNewGRFs(*c);
      c = nullptr;
    }
 
    if (condtype != 10 && c == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(7, "SkipIf: GRFID 0x{:08X} unknown, skipping test", std::byteswap(cond_val));
      return;
    }
 
    switch (condtype) {
      /* Tests 0x06 to 0x0A are only for param 0x88, GRFID checks */
      case 0x06: // Is GRFID active?
        result = c->status == GCS_ACTIVATED;
        break;
 
      case 0x07: // Is GRFID non-active?
        result = c->status != GCS_ACTIVATED;
        break;
 
      case 0x08: // GRFID is not but will be active?
        result = c->status == GCS_INITIALISED;
        break;
 
      case 0x09: // GRFID is or will be active?
        result = c->status == GCS_ACTIVATED || c->status == GCS_INITIALISED;
        break;
 
      case 0x0A: // GRFID is not nor will be active
        /* This is the only condtype that doesn't get ignored if the GRFID is not found */
        result = c == nullptr || c->status == GCS_DISABLED || c->status == GCS_NOT_FOUND;
        break;
 
      default: GrfMsg(1, "SkipIf: Unsupported GRF condition type {:02X}. Ignoring", condtype); return;
    }
  } else {
    /* Tests that use 'param' and are not GRF ID checks.  */
    uint32_t param_val = GetParamVal(param, &cond_val); // cond_val is modified for param == 0x85
    switch (condtype) {
      case 0x00: result = !!(param_val & (1 << cond_val));
        break;
      case 0x01: result = !(param_val & (1 << cond_val));
        break;
      case 0x02: result = (param_val & mask) == cond_val;
        break;
      case 0x03: result = (param_val & mask) != cond_val;
        break;
      case 0x04: result = (param_val & mask) < cond_val;
        break;
      case 0x05: result = (param_val & mask) > cond_val;
        break;
      default: GrfMsg(1, "SkipIf: Unsupported condition type {:02X}. Ignoring", condtype); return;
    }
  }
 
  if (!result) {
    GrfMsg(2, "SkipIf: Not skipping sprites, test was false");
    return;
  }
 
  uint8_t numsprites = buf.ReadByte();
 
  /* numsprites can be a GOTO label if it has been defined in the GRF
   * file. The jump will always be the first matching label that follows
   * the current nfo_line. If no matching label is found, the first matching
   * label in the file is used. */
  const GRFLabel *choice = nullptr;
  for (const auto &label : _cur.grffile->labels) {
    if (label.label != numsprites) continue;
 
    /* Remember a goto before the current line */
    if (choice == nullptr) choice = &label;
    /* If we find a label here, this is definitely good */
    if (label.nfo_line > _cur.nfo_line) {
      choice = &label;
      break;
    }
  }
 
  if (choice != nullptr) {
    GrfMsg(2, "SkipIf: Jumping to label 0x{:X} at line {}, test was true", choice->label, choice->nfo_line);
    _cur.file->SeekTo(choice->pos, SEEK_SET);
    _cur.nfo_line = choice->nfo_line;
    return;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(2, "SkipIf: Skipping {} sprites, test was true", numsprites);
  _cur.skip_sprites = numsprites;
  if (_cur.skip_sprites == 0) {
    /* Zero means there are no sprites to skip, so
     * we use -1 to indicate that all further
     * sprites should be skipped. */
    _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
 
    /* If an action 8 hasn't been encountered yet, disable the grf. */
    if (_cur.grfconfig->status != (_cur.stage < GLS_RESERVE ? GCS_INITIALISED : GCS_ACTIVATED)) {
      DisableGrf();
    }
  }
}
 
 
/* Action 0x08 (GLS_FILESCAN) */
static void ScanInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t grf_version = buf.ReadByte();
  uint32_t grfid      = buf.ReadDWord();
  std::string_view name = buf.ReadString();
 
  _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid = grfid;
 
  if (grf_version < 2 || grf_version > 8) {
    _cur.grfconfig->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::Invalid);
    Debug(grf, 0, "{}: NewGRF \"{}\" (GRFID {:08X}) uses GRF version {}, which is incompatible with this version of OpenTTD.", _cur.grfconfig->filename, StrMakeValid(name), std::byteswap(grfid), grf_version);
  }
 
  /* GRF IDs starting with 0xFF are reserved for internal TTDPatch use */
  if (GB(grfid, 0, 8) == 0xFF) _cur.grfconfig->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::System);
 
  AddGRFTextToList(_cur.grfconfig->name, 0x7F, grfid, false, name);
 
  if (buf.HasData()) {
    std::string_view info = buf.ReadString();
    AddGRFTextToList(_cur.grfconfig->info, 0x7F, grfid, true, info);
  }
 
  /* GLS_INFOSCAN only looks for the action 8, so we can skip the rest of the file */
  _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
}
 
/* Action 0x08 */
static void GRFInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <08> <version> <grf-id> <name> <info>
   *
   * B version       newgrf version, currently 06
   * 4*B grf-id      globally unique ID of this .grf file
   * S name          name of this .grf set
   * S info          string describing the set, and e.g. author and copyright */
 
  uint8_t version    = buf.ReadByte();
  uint32_t grfid     = buf.ReadDWord();
  std::string_view name = buf.ReadString();
 
  if (_cur.stage < GLS_RESERVE && _cur.grfconfig->status != GCS_UNKNOWN) {
    DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MULTIPLE_ACTION_8);
    return;
  }
 
  if (_cur.grffile->grfid != grfid) {
    Debug(grf, 0, "GRFInfo: GRFID {:08X} in FILESCAN stage does not match GRFID {:08X} in INIT/RESERVE/ACTIVATION stage", std::byteswap(_cur.grffile->grfid), std::byteswap(grfid));
    _cur.grffile->grfid = grfid;
  }
 
  _cur.grffile->grf_version = version;
  _cur.grfconfig->status = _cur.stage < GLS_RESERVE ? GCS_INITIALISED : GCS_ACTIVATED;
 
  /* Do swap the GRFID for displaying purposes since people expect that */
  Debug(grf, 1, "GRFInfo: Loaded GRFv{} set {:08X} - {} (palette: {}, version: {})", version, std::byteswap(grfid), StrMakeValid(name), (_cur.grfconfig->palette & GRFP_USE_MASK) ? "Windows" : "DOS", _cur.grfconfig->version);
}
 
static bool IsGRMReservedSprite(SpriteID first_sprite, uint16_t num_sprites)
{
  for (const auto &grm_sprite : _grm_sprites) {
    if (grm_sprite.first.grfid != _cur.grffile->grfid) continue;
    if (grm_sprite.second.first <= first_sprite && grm_sprite.second.first + grm_sprite.second.second >= first_sprite + num_sprites) return true;
  }
  return false;
}
 
/* Action 0x0A */
static void SpriteReplace(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0A> <num-sets> <set1> [<set2> ...]
   * <set>: <num-sprites> <first-sprite>
   *
   * B num-sets      How many sets of sprites to replace.
   * Each set:
   * B num-sprites   How many sprites are in this set
   * W first-sprite  First sprite number to replace */
 
  uint8_t num_sets = buf.ReadByte();
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_sets; i++) {
    uint8_t num_sprites = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t first_sprite = buf.ReadWord();
 
    GrfMsg(2, "SpriteReplace: [Set {}] Changing {} sprites, beginning with {}",
      i, num_sprites, first_sprite
    );
 
    if (first_sprite + num_sprites >= SPR_OPENTTD_BASE) {
      /* Outside allowed range, check for GRM sprite reservations. */
      if (!IsGRMReservedSprite(first_sprite, num_sprites)) {
        GrfMsg(0, "SpriteReplace: [Set {}] Changing {} sprites, beginning with {}, above limit of {} and not within reserved range, ignoring.",
          i, num_sprites, first_sprite, SPR_OPENTTD_BASE);
 
        /* Load the sprites at the current location so they will do nothing instead of appearing to work. */
        first_sprite = _cur.spriteid;
        _cur.spriteid += num_sprites;
      }
    }
 
    for (uint j = 0; j < num_sprites; j++) {
      SpriteID load_index = first_sprite + j;
      _cur.nfo_line++;
      LoadNextSprite(load_index, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line); // XXX
 
      /* Shore sprites now located at different addresses.
       * So detect when the old ones get replaced. */
      if (IsInsideMM(load_index, SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START, SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_END + 1)) {
        if (_loaded_newgrf_features.shore != SHORE_REPLACE_ACTION_5) _loaded_newgrf_features.shore = SHORE_REPLACE_ACTION_A;
      }
    }
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x0A (SKIP) */
static void SkipActA(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t num_sets = buf.ReadByte();
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_sets; i++) {
    /* Skip the sprites this replaces */
    _cur.skip_sprites += buf.ReadByte();
    /* But ignore where they go */
    buf.ReadWord();
  }
 
  GrfMsg(3, "SkipActA: Skipping {} sprites", _cur.skip_sprites);
}
 
/* Action 0x0B */
static void GRFLoadError(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0B> <severity> <language-id> <message-id> [<message...> 00] [<data...>] 00 [<parnum>]
   *
   * B severity      00: notice, continue loading grf file
   *                 01: warning, continue loading grf file
   *                 02: error, but continue loading grf file, and attempt
   *                     loading grf again when loading or starting next game
   *                 03: error, abort loading and prevent loading again in
   *                     the future (only when restarting the patch)
   * B language-id   see action 4, use 1F for built-in error messages
   * B message-id    message to show, see below
   * S message       for custom messages (message-id FF), text of the message
   *                 not present for built-in messages.
   * V data          additional data for built-in (or custom) messages
   * B parnum        parameter numbers to be shown in the message (maximum of 2) */
 
  static const StringID msgstr[] = {
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_VERSION_NUMBER,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_DOS_OR_WINDOWS,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_UNSET_SWITCH,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LOAD_BEFORE,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LOAD_AFTER,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_OTTD_VERSION_NUMBER,
  };
 
  static const StringID sevstr[] = {
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MSG_INFO,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MSG_WARNING,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MSG_ERROR,
    STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MSG_FATAL
  };
 
  uint8_t severity   = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t lang       = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t message_id = buf.ReadByte();
 
  /* Skip the error if it isn't valid for the current language. */
  if (!CheckGrfLangID(lang, _cur.grffile->grf_version)) return;
 
  /* Skip the error until the activation stage unless bit 7 of the severity
   * is set. */
  if (!HasBit(severity, 7) && _cur.stage == GLS_INIT) {
    GrfMsg(7, "GRFLoadError: Skipping non-fatal GRFLoadError in stage {}", _cur.stage);
    return;
  }
  ClrBit(severity, 7);
 
  if (severity >= lengthof(sevstr)) {
    GrfMsg(7, "GRFLoadError: Invalid severity id {}. Setting to 2 (non-fatal error).", severity);
    severity = 2;
  } else if (severity == 3) {
    /* This is a fatal error, so make sure the GRF is deactivated and no
     * more of it gets loaded. */
    DisableGrf();
 
    /* Make sure we show fatal errors, instead of silly infos from before */
    _cur.grfconfig->error.reset();
  }
 
  if (message_id >= lengthof(msgstr) && message_id != 0xFF) {
    GrfMsg(7, "GRFLoadError: Invalid message id.");
    return;
  }
 
  if (buf.Remaining() <= 1) {
    GrfMsg(7, "GRFLoadError: No message data supplied.");
    return;
  }
 
  /* For now we can only show one message per newgrf file. */
  if (_cur.grfconfig->error.has_value()) return;
 
  _cur.grfconfig->error = {sevstr[severity]};
  GRFError *error = &_cur.grfconfig->error.value();
 
  if (message_id == 0xFF) {
    /* This is a custom error message. */
    if (buf.HasData()) {
      std::string_view message = buf.ReadString();
 
      error->custom_message = TranslateTTDPatchCodes(_cur.grffile->grfid, lang, true, message, SCC_RAW_STRING_POINTER);
    } else {
      GrfMsg(7, "GRFLoadError: No custom message supplied.");
      error->custom_message.clear();
    }
  } else {
    error->message = msgstr[message_id];
  }
 
  if (buf.HasData()) {
    std::string_view data = buf.ReadString();
 
    error->data = TranslateTTDPatchCodes(_cur.grffile->grfid, lang, true, data);
  } else {
    GrfMsg(7, "GRFLoadError: No message data supplied.");
    error->data.clear();
  }
 
  /* Only two parameter numbers can be used in the string. */
  for (uint i = 0; i < error->param_value.size() && buf.HasData(); i++) {
    uint param_number = buf.ReadByte();
    error->param_value[i] = _cur.grffile->GetParam(param_number);
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x0C */
static void GRFComment(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0C> [<ignored...>]
   *
   * V ignored       Anything following the 0C is ignored */
 
  if (!buf.HasData()) return;
 
  std::string_view text = buf.ReadString();
  GrfMsg(2, "GRFComment: {}", StrMakeValid(text));
}
 
/* Action 0x0D (GLS_SAFETYSCAN) */
static void SafeParamSet(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t target = buf.ReadByte();
 
  /* Writing GRF parameters and some bits of 'misc GRF features' are safe. */
  if (target < 0x80 || target == 0x9E) return;
 
  /* GRM could be unsafe, but as here it can only happen after other GRFs
   * are loaded, it should be okay. If the GRF tried to use the slots it
   * reserved, it would be marked unsafe anyway. GRM for (e.g. bridge)
   * sprites  is considered safe. */
 
  _cur.grfconfig->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::Unsafe);
 
  /* Skip remainder of GRF */
  _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
}
 
 
static uint32_t GetPatchVariable(uint8_t param)
{
  switch (param) {
    /* start year - 1920 */
    case 0x0B: return (std::max(_settings_game.game_creation.starting_year, CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR) - CalendarTime::ORIGINAL_BASE_YEAR).base();
 
    /* freight trains weight factor */
    case 0x0E: return _settings_game.vehicle.freight_trains;
 
    /* empty wagon speed increase */
    case 0x0F: return 0;
 
    /* plane speed factor; our patch option is reversed from TTDPatch's,
     * the following is good for 1x, 2x and 4x (most common?) and...
     * well not really for 3x. */
    case 0x10:
      switch (_settings_game.vehicle.plane_speed) {
        default:
        case 4: return 1;
        case 3: return 2;
        case 2: return 2;
        case 1: return 4;
      }
 
 
    /* 2CC colourmap base sprite */
    case 0x11: return SPR_2CCMAP_BASE;
 
    /* map size: format = -MABXYSS
     * M  : the type of map
     *       bit 0 : set   : squared map. Bit 1 is now not relevant
     *               clear : rectangle map. Bit 1 will indicate the bigger edge of the map
     *       bit 1 : set   : Y is the bigger edge. Bit 0 is clear
     *               clear : X is the bigger edge.
     * A  : minimum edge(log2) of the map
     * B  : maximum edge(log2) of the map
     * XY : edges(log2) of each side of the map.
     * SS : combination of both X and Y, thus giving the size(log2) of the map
     */
    case 0x13: {
      uint8_t map_bits = 0;
      uint8_t log_X = Map::LogX() - 6; // subtraction is required to make the minimal size (64) zero based
      uint8_t log_Y = Map::LogY() - 6;
      uint8_t max_edge = std::max(log_X, log_Y);
 
      if (log_X == log_Y) { // we have a squared map, since both edges are identical
        SetBit(map_bits, 0);
      } else {
        if (max_edge == log_Y) SetBit(map_bits, 1); // edge Y been the biggest, mark it
      }
 
      return (map_bits << 24) | (std::min(log_X, log_Y) << 20) | (max_edge << 16) |
        (log_X << 12) | (log_Y << 8) | (log_X + log_Y);
    }
 
    /* The maximum height of the map. */
    case 0x14:
      return _settings_game.construction.map_height_limit;
 
    /* Extra foundations base sprite */
    case 0x15:
      return SPR_SLOPES_BASE;
 
    /* Shore base sprite */
    case 0x16:
      return SPR_SHORE_BASE;
 
    /* Game map seed */
    case 0x17:
      return _settings_game.game_creation.generation_seed;
 
    default:
      GrfMsg(2, "ParamSet: Unknown Patch variable 0x{:02X}.", param);
      return 0;
  }
}
 
 
static uint32_t PerformGRM(std::span<uint32_t> grm, uint16_t count, uint8_t op, uint8_t target, const char *type)
{
  uint start = 0;
  uint size  = 0;
 
  if (op == 6) {
    /* Return GRFID of set that reserved ID */
    return grm[_cur.grffile->GetParam(target)];
  }
 
  /* With an operation of 2 or 3, we want to reserve a specific block of IDs */
  if (op == 2 || op == 3) start = _cur.grffile->GetParam(target);
 
  for (uint i = start; i < std::size(grm); i++) {
    if (grm[i] == 0) {
      size++;
    } else {
      if (op == 2 || op == 3) break;
      start = i + 1;
      size = 0;
    }
 
    if (size == count) break;
  }
 
  if (size == count) {
    /* Got the slot... */
    if (op == 0 || op == 3) {
      GrfMsg(2, "ParamSet: GRM: Reserving {} {} at {}", count, type, start);
      for (uint i = 0; i < count; i++) grm[start + i] = _cur.grffile->grfid;
    }
    return start;
  }
 
  /* Unable to allocate */
  if (op != 4 && op != 5) {
    /* Deactivate GRF */
    GrfMsg(0, "ParamSet: GRM: Unable to allocate {} {}, deactivating", count, type);
    DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_GRM_FAILED);
    return UINT_MAX;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(1, "ParamSet: GRM: Unable to allocate {} {}", count, type);
  return UINT_MAX;
}
 
 
static void ParamSet(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0D> <target> <operation> <source1> <source2> [<data>]
   *
   * B target        parameter number where result is stored
   * B operation     operation to perform, see below
   * B source1       first source operand
   * B source2       second source operand
   * D data          data to use in the calculation, not necessary
   *                 if both source1 and source2 refer to actual parameters
   *
   * Operations
   * 00      Set parameter equal to source1
   * 01      Addition, source1 + source2
   * 02      Subtraction, source1 - source2
   * 03      Unsigned multiplication, source1 * source2 (both unsigned)
   * 04      Signed multiplication, source1 * source2 (both signed)
   * 05      Unsigned bit shift, source1 by source2 (source2 taken to be a
   *         signed quantity; left shift if positive and right shift if
   *         negative, source1 is unsigned)
   * 06      Signed bit shift, source1 by source2
   *         (source2 like in 05, and source1 as well)
   */
 
  uint8_t target = buf.ReadByte();
  uint8_t oper   = buf.ReadByte();
  uint32_t src1  = buf.ReadByte();
  uint32_t src2  = buf.ReadByte();
 
  uint32_t data = 0;
  if (buf.Remaining() >= 4) data = buf.ReadDWord();
 
  /* You can add 80 to the operation to make it apply only if the target
   * is not defined yet.  In this respect, a parameter is taken to be
   * defined if any of the following applies:
   * - it has been set to any value in the newgrf(w).cfg parameter list
   * - it OR A PARAMETER WITH HIGHER NUMBER has been set to any value by
   *   an earlier action D */
  if (HasBit(oper, 7)) {
    if (target < 0x80 && target < std::size(_cur.grffile->param)) {
      GrfMsg(7, "ParamSet: Param {} already defined, skipping", target);
      return;
    }
 
    oper = GB(oper, 0, 7);
  }
 
  if (src2 == 0xFE) {
    if (GB(data, 0, 8) == 0xFF) {
      if (data == 0x0000FFFF) {
        /* Patch variables */
        src1 = GetPatchVariable(src1);
      } else {
        /* GRF Resource Management */
        uint8_t  op      = src1;
        uint8_t  feature = GB(data, 8, 8);
        uint16_t count   = GB(data, 16, 16);
 
        if (_cur.stage == GLS_RESERVE) {
          if (feature == 0x08) {
            /* General sprites */
            if (op == 0) {
              /* Check if the allocated sprites will fit below the original sprite limit */
              if (_cur.spriteid + count >= 16384) {
                GrfMsg(0, "ParamSet: GRM: Unable to allocate {} sprites; try changing NewGRF order", count);
                DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_GRM_FAILED);
                return;
              }
 
              /* Reserve space at the current sprite ID */
              GrfMsg(4, "ParamSet: GRM: Allocated {} sprites at {}", count, _cur.spriteid);
              _grm_sprites[GRFLocation(_cur.grffile->grfid, _cur.nfo_line)] = std::make_pair(_cur.spriteid, count);
              _cur.spriteid += count;
            }
          }
          /* Ignore GRM result during reservation */
          src1 = 0;
        } else if (_cur.stage == GLS_ACTIVATION) {
          switch (feature) {
            case 0x00: // Trains
            case 0x01: // Road Vehicles
            case 0x02: // Ships
            case 0x03: // Aircraft
              if (!_settings_game.vehicle.dynamic_engines) {
                src1 = PerformGRM({std::begin(_grm_engines) + _engine_offsets[feature], _engine_counts[feature]}, count, op, target, "vehicles");
                if (_cur.skip_sprites == -1) return;
              } else {
                /* GRM does not apply for dynamic engine allocation. */
                switch (op) {
                  case 2:
                  case 3:
                    src1 = _cur.grffile->GetParam(target);
                    break;
 
                  default:
                    src1 = 0;
                    break;
                }
              }
              break;
 
            case 0x08: // General sprites
              switch (op) {
                case 0:
                  /* Return space reserved during reservation stage */
                  src1 = _grm_sprites[GRFLocation(_cur.grffile->grfid, _cur.nfo_line)].first;
                  GrfMsg(4, "ParamSet: GRM: Using pre-allocated sprites at {}", src1);
                  break;
 
                case 1:
                  src1 = _cur.spriteid;
                  break;
 
                default:
                  GrfMsg(1, "ParamSet: GRM: Unsupported operation {} for general sprites", op);
                  return;
              }
              break;
 
            case 0x0B: // Cargo
              /* There are two ranges: one for cargo IDs and one for cargo bitmasks */
              src1 = PerformGRM(_grm_cargoes, count, op, target, "cargoes");
              if (_cur.skip_sprites == -1) return;
              break;
 
            default: GrfMsg(1, "ParamSet: GRM: Unsupported feature 0x{:X}", feature); return;
          }
        } else {
          /* Ignore GRM during initialization */
          src1 = 0;
        }
      }
    } else {
      /* Read another GRF File's parameter */
      const GRFFile *file = GetFileByGRFID(data);
      GRFConfig *c = GetGRFConfig(data);
      if (c != nullptr && c->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static) && !_cur.grfconfig->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static) && _networking) {
        /* Disable the read GRF if it is a static NewGRF. */
        DisableStaticNewGRFInfluencingNonStaticNewGRFs(*c);
        src1 = 0;
      } else if (file == nullptr || c == nullptr || c->status == GCS_DISABLED) {
        src1 = 0;
      } else if (src1 == 0xFE) {
        src1 = c->version;
      } else {
        src1 = file->GetParam(src1);
      }
    }
  } else {
    /* The source1 and source2 operands refer to the grf parameter number
     * like in action 6 and 7.  In addition, they can refer to the special
     * variables available in action 7, or they can be FF to use the value
     * of <data>.  If referring to parameters that are undefined, a value
     * of 0 is used instead.  */
    src1 = (src1 == 0xFF) ? data : GetParamVal(src1, nullptr);
    src2 = (src2 == 0xFF) ? data : GetParamVal(src2, nullptr);
  }
 
  uint32_t res;
  switch (oper) {
    case 0x00:
      res = src1;
      break;
 
    case 0x01:
      res = src1 + src2;
      break;
 
    case 0x02:
      res = src1 - src2;
      break;
 
    case 0x03:
      res = src1 * src2;
      break;
 
    case 0x04:
      res = (int32_t)src1 * (int32_t)src2;
      break;
 
    case 0x05:
      if ((int32_t)src2 < 0) {
        res = src1 >> -(int32_t)src2;
      } else {
        res = src1 << (src2 & 0x1F); // Same behaviour as in EvalAdjustT, mask 'value' to 5 bits, which should behave the same on all architectures.
      }
      break;
 
    case 0x06:
      if ((int32_t)src2 < 0) {
        res = (int32_t)src1 >> -(int32_t)src2;
      } else {
        res = (int32_t)src1 << (src2 & 0x1F); // Same behaviour as in EvalAdjustT, mask 'value' to 5 bits, which should behave the same on all architectures.
      }
      break;
 
    case 0x07: // Bitwise AND
      res = src1 & src2;
      break;
 
    case 0x08: // Bitwise OR
      res = src1 | src2;
      break;
 
    case 0x09: // Unsigned division
      if (src2 == 0) {
        res = src1;
      } else {
        res = src1 / src2;
      }
      break;
 
    case 0x0A: // Signed division
      if (src2 == 0) {
        res = src1;
      } else {
        res = (int32_t)src1 / (int32_t)src2;
      }
      break;
 
    case 0x0B: // Unsigned modulo
      if (src2 == 0) {
        res = src1;
      } else {
        res = src1 % src2;
      }
      break;
 
    case 0x0C: // Signed modulo
      if (src2 == 0) {
        res = src1;
      } else {
        res = (int32_t)src1 % (int32_t)src2;
      }
      break;
 
    default: GrfMsg(0, "ParamSet: Unknown operation {}, skipping", oper); return;
  }
 
  switch (target) {
    case 0x8E: // Y-Offset for train sprites
      _cur.grffile->traininfo_vehicle_pitch = res;
      break;
 
    case 0x8F: { // Rail track type cost factors
      extern RailTypeInfo _railtypes[RAILTYPE_END];
      _railtypes[RAILTYPE_RAIL].cost_multiplier = GB(res, 0, 8);
      if (_settings_game.vehicle.disable_elrails) {
        _railtypes[RAILTYPE_ELECTRIC].cost_multiplier = GB(res, 0, 8);
        _railtypes[RAILTYPE_MONO].cost_multiplier = GB(res, 8, 8);
      } else {
        _railtypes[RAILTYPE_ELECTRIC].cost_multiplier = GB(res, 8, 8);
        _railtypes[RAILTYPE_MONO].cost_multiplier = GB(res, 16, 8);
      }
      _railtypes[RAILTYPE_MAGLEV].cost_multiplier = GB(res, 16, 8);
      break;
    }
 
    /* not implemented */
    case 0x93: // Tile refresh offset to left -- Intended to allow support for larger sprites, not necessary for OTTD
    case 0x94: // Tile refresh offset to right
    case 0x95: // Tile refresh offset upwards
    case 0x96: // Tile refresh offset downwards
    case 0x97: // Snow line height -- Better supported by feature 8 property 10h (snow line table) TODO: implement by filling the entire snow line table with the given value
    case 0x99: // Global ID offset -- Not necessary since IDs are remapped automatically
      GrfMsg(7, "ParamSet: Skipping unimplemented target 0x{:02X}", target);
      break;
 
    case 0x9E: // Miscellaneous GRF features
      /* Set train list engine width */
      _cur.grffile->traininfo_vehicle_width = HasBit(res, GMB_TRAIN_WIDTH_32_PIXELS) ? VEHICLEINFO_FULL_VEHICLE_WIDTH : TRAININFO_DEFAULT_VEHICLE_WIDTH;
      /* Remove the local flags from the global flags */
      ClrBit(res, GMB_TRAIN_WIDTH_32_PIXELS);
 
      /* Only copy safe bits for static grfs */
      if (_cur.grfconfig->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static)) {
        uint32_t safe_bits = 0;
        SetBit(safe_bits, GMB_SECOND_ROCKY_TILE_SET);
 
        _misc_grf_features = (_misc_grf_features & ~safe_bits) | (res & safe_bits);
      } else {
        _misc_grf_features = res;
      }
      break;
 
    case 0x9F: // locale-dependent settings
      GrfMsg(7, "ParamSet: Skipping unimplemented target 0x{:02X}", target);
      break;
 
    default:
      if (target < 0x80) {
        /* Resize (and fill with zeroes) if needed. */
        if (target >= std::size(_cur.grffile->param)) _cur.grffile->param.resize(target + 1);
        _cur.grffile->param[target] = res;
      } else {
        GrfMsg(7, "ParamSet: Skipping unknown target 0x{:02X}", target);
      }
      break;
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x0E (GLS_SAFETYSCAN) */
static void SafeGRFInhibit(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0E> <num> <grfids...>
   *
   * B num           Number of GRFIDs that follow
   * D grfids        GRFIDs of the files to deactivate */
 
  uint8_t num = buf.ReadByte();
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num; i++) {
    uint32_t grfid = buf.ReadDWord();
 
    /* GRF is unsafe it if tries to deactivate other GRFs */
    if (grfid != _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid) {
      _cur.grfconfig->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::Unsafe);
 
      /* Skip remainder of GRF */
      _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
 
      return;
    }
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x0E */
static void GRFInhibit(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0E> <num> <grfids...>
   *
   * B num           Number of GRFIDs that follow
   * D grfids        GRFIDs of the files to deactivate */
 
  uint8_t num = buf.ReadByte();
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num; i++) {
    uint32_t grfid = buf.ReadDWord();
    GRFConfig *file = GetGRFConfig(grfid);
 
    /* Unset activation flag */
    if (file != nullptr && file != _cur.grfconfig) {
      GrfMsg(2, "GRFInhibit: Deactivating file '{}'", file->filename);
      GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_FORCEFULLY_DISABLED, file);
      error->data = _cur.grfconfig->GetName();
    }
  }
}
 
static void FeatureTownName(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <0F> <id> <style-name> <num-parts> <parts>
   *
   * B id          ID of this definition in bottom 7 bits (final definition if bit 7 set)
   * V style-name  Name of the style (only for final definition)
   * B num-parts   Number of parts in this definition
   * V parts       The parts */
 
  uint32_t grfid = _cur.grffile->grfid;
 
  GRFTownName *townname = AddGRFTownName(grfid);
 
  uint8_t id = buf.ReadByte();
  GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: definition 0x{:02X}", id & 0x7F);
 
  if (HasBit(id, 7)) {
    /* Final definition */
    ClrBit(id, 7);
    bool new_scheme = _cur.grffile->grf_version >= 7;
 
    uint8_t lang = buf.ReadByte();
    StringID style = STR_UNDEFINED;
 
    do {
      ClrBit(lang, 7);
 
      std::string_view name = buf.ReadString();
 
      std::string lang_name = TranslateTTDPatchCodes(grfid, lang, false, name);
      GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: lang 0x{:X} -> '{}'", lang, lang_name);
 
      style = AddGRFString(grfid, GRFStringID{id}, lang, new_scheme, false, name, STR_UNDEFINED);
 
      lang = buf.ReadByte();
    } while (lang != 0);
    townname->styles.emplace_back(style, id);
  }
 
  uint8_t parts = buf.ReadByte();
  GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: {} parts", parts);
 
  townname->partlists[id].reserve(parts);
  for (uint partnum = 0; partnum < parts; partnum++) {
    NamePartList &partlist = townname->partlists[id].emplace_back();
    uint8_t texts = buf.ReadByte();
    partlist.bitstart = buf.ReadByte();
    partlist.bitcount = buf.ReadByte();
    partlist.maxprob  = 0;
    GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: part {} contains {} texts and will use GB(seed, {}, {})", partnum, texts, partlist.bitstart, partlist.bitcount);
 
    partlist.parts.reserve(texts);
    for (uint textnum = 0; textnum < texts; textnum++) {
      NamePart &part = partlist.parts.emplace_back();
      part.prob = buf.ReadByte();
 
      if (HasBit(part.prob, 7)) {
        uint8_t ref_id = buf.ReadByte();
        if (ref_id >= GRFTownName::MAX_LISTS || townname->partlists[ref_id].empty()) {
          GrfMsg(0, "FeatureTownName: definition 0x{:02X} doesn't exist, deactivating", ref_id);
          DelGRFTownName(grfid);
          DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_INVALID_ID);
          return;
        }
        part.id = ref_id;
        GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: part {}, text {}, uses intermediate definition 0x{:02X} (with probability {})", partnum, textnum, ref_id, part.prob & 0x7F);
      } else {
        std::string_view text = buf.ReadString();
        part.text = TranslateTTDPatchCodes(grfid, 0, false, text);
        GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: part {}, text {}, '{}' (with probability {})", partnum, textnum, part.text, part.prob);
      }
      partlist.maxprob += GB(part.prob, 0, 7);
    }
    GrfMsg(6, "FeatureTownName: part {}, total probability {}", partnum, partlist.maxprob);
  }
}
 
static void DefineGotoLabel(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <10> <label> [<comment>]
   *
   * B label      The label to define
   * V comment    Optional comment - ignored */
 
  uint8_t nfo_label = buf.ReadByte();
 
  _cur.grffile->labels.emplace_back(nfo_label, _cur.nfo_line, _cur.file->GetPos());
 
  GrfMsg(2, "DefineGotoLabel: GOTO target with label 0x{:02X}", nfo_label);
}
 
static void ImportGRFSound(SoundEntry *sound)
{
  const GRFFile *file;
  uint32_t grfid = _cur.file->ReadDword();
  SoundID sound_id = _cur.file->ReadWord();
 
  file = GetFileByGRFID(grfid);
  if (file == nullptr || file->sound_offset == 0) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ImportGRFSound: Source file not available");
    return;
  }
 
  if (sound_id >= file->num_sounds) {
    GrfMsg(1, "ImportGRFSound: Sound effect {} is invalid", sound_id);
    return;
  }
 
  GrfMsg(2, "ImportGRFSound: Copying sound {} ({}) from file {:x}", sound_id, file->sound_offset + sound_id, grfid);
 
  *sound = *GetSound(file->sound_offset + sound_id);
 
  /* Reset volume and priority, which TTDPatch doesn't copy */
  sound->volume = SOUND_EFFECT_MAX_VOLUME;
  sound->priority = 0;
}
 
static void LoadGRFSound(size_t offs, SoundEntry *sound)
{
  /* Set default volume and priority */
  sound->volume = SOUND_EFFECT_MAX_VOLUME;
  sound->priority = 0;
 
  if (offs != SIZE_MAX) {
    /* Sound is present in the NewGRF. */
    sound->file = _cur.file;
    sound->file_offset = offs;
    sound->source = SoundSource::NewGRF;
    sound->grf_container_ver = _cur.file->GetContainerVersion();
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x11 */
static void GRFSound(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <11> <num>
   *
   * W num      Number of sound files that follow */
 
  uint16_t num = buf.ReadWord();
  if (num == 0) return;
 
  SoundEntry *sound;
  if (_cur.grffile->sound_offset == 0) {
    _cur.grffile->sound_offset = GetNumSounds();
    _cur.grffile->num_sounds = num;
    sound = AllocateSound(num);
  } else {
    sound = GetSound(_cur.grffile->sound_offset);
  }
 
  SpriteFile &file = *_cur.file;
  uint8_t grf_container_version = file.GetContainerVersion();
  for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
    _cur.nfo_line++;
 
    /* Check whether the index is in range. This might happen if multiple action 11 are present.
     * While this is invalid, we do not check for this. But we should prevent it from causing bigger trouble */
    bool invalid = i >= _cur.grffile->num_sounds;
 
    size_t offs = file.GetPos();
 
    uint32_t len = grf_container_version >= 2 ? file.ReadDword() : file.ReadWord();
    uint8_t type = file.ReadByte();
 
    if (grf_container_version >= 2 && type == 0xFD) {
      /* Reference to sprite section. */
      if (invalid) {
        GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Sound index out of range (multiple Action 11?)");
        file.SkipBytes(len);
      } else if (len != 4) {
        GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Invalid sprite section import");
        file.SkipBytes(len);
      } else {
        uint32_t id = file.ReadDword();
        if (_cur.stage == GLS_INIT) LoadGRFSound(GetGRFSpriteOffset(id), sound + i);
      }
      continue;
    }
 
    if (type != 0xFF) {
      GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Unexpected RealSprite found, skipping");
      file.SkipBytes(7);
      SkipSpriteData(*_cur.file, type, len - 8);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (invalid) {
      GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Sound index out of range (multiple Action 11?)");
      file.SkipBytes(len);
    }
 
    uint8_t action = file.ReadByte();
    switch (action) {
      case 0xFF:
        /* Allocate sound only in init stage. */
        if (_cur.stage == GLS_INIT) {
          if (grf_container_version >= 2) {
            GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Inline sounds are not supported for container version >= 2");
          } else {
            LoadGRFSound(offs, sound + i);
          }
        }
        file.SkipBytes(len - 1); // already read <action>
        break;
 
      case 0xFE:
        if (_cur.stage == GLS_ACTIVATION) {
          /* XXX 'Action 0xFE' isn't really specified. It is only mentioned for
           * importing sounds, so this is probably all wrong... */
          if (file.ReadByte() != 0) GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Import type mismatch");
          ImportGRFSound(sound + i);
        } else {
          file.SkipBytes(len - 1); // already read <action>
        }
        break;
 
      default:
        GrfMsg(1, "GRFSound: Unexpected Action {:x} found, skipping", action);
        file.SkipBytes(len - 1); // already read <action>
        break;
    }
  }
}
 
/* Action 0x11 (SKIP) */
static void SkipAct11(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <11> <num>
   *
   * W num      Number of sound files that follow */
 
  _cur.skip_sprites = buf.ReadWord();
 
  GrfMsg(3, "SkipAct11: Skipping {} sprites", _cur.skip_sprites);
}
 
static void LoadFontGlyph(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <12> <num_def> <font_size> <num_char> <base_char>
   *
   * B num_def      Number of definitions
   * B font_size    Size of font (0 = normal, 1 = small, 2 = large, 3 = mono)
   * B num_char     Number of consecutive glyphs
   * W base_char    First character index */
 
  uint8_t num_def = buf.ReadByte();
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_def; i++) {
    FontSize size    = (FontSize)buf.ReadByte();
    uint8_t  num_char  = buf.ReadByte();
    uint16_t base_char = buf.ReadWord();
 
    if (size >= FS_END) {
      GrfMsg(1, "LoadFontGlyph: Size {} is not supported, ignoring", size);
    }
 
    GrfMsg(7, "LoadFontGlyph: Loading {} glyph(s) at 0x{:04X} for size {}", num_char, base_char, size);
 
    for (uint c = 0; c < num_char; c++) {
      if (size < FS_END) SetUnicodeGlyph(size, base_char + c, _cur.spriteid);
      _cur.nfo_line++;
      LoadNextSprite(_cur.spriteid++, *_cur.file, _cur.nfo_line);
    }
  }
}
 
static void SkipAct12(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <12> <num_def> <font_size> <num_char> <base_char>
   *
   * B num_def      Number of definitions
   * B font_size    Size of font (0 = normal, 1 = small, 2 = large)
   * B num_char     Number of consecutive glyphs
   * W base_char    First character index */
 
  uint8_t num_def = buf.ReadByte();
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_def; i++) {
    /* Ignore 'size' byte */
    buf.ReadByte();
 
    /* Sum up number of characters */
    _cur.skip_sprites += buf.ReadByte();
 
    /* Ignore 'base_char' word */
    buf.ReadWord();
  }
 
  GrfMsg(3, "SkipAct12: Skipping {} sprites", _cur.skip_sprites);
}
 
static void TranslateGRFStrings(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <13> <grfid> <num-ent> <offset> <text...>
   *
   * 4*B grfid     The GRFID of the file whose texts are to be translated
   * B   num-ent   Number of strings
   * W   offset    First text ID
   * S   text...   Zero-terminated strings */
 
  uint32_t grfid = buf.ReadDWord();
  const GRFConfig *c = GetGRFConfig(grfid);
  if (c == nullptr || (c->status != GCS_INITIALISED && c->status != GCS_ACTIVATED)) {
    GrfMsg(7, "TranslateGRFStrings: GRFID 0x{:08X} unknown, skipping action 13", std::byteswap(grfid));
    return;
  }
 
  if (c->status == GCS_INITIALISED) {
    /* If the file is not active but will be activated later, give an error
     * and disable this file. */
    GRFError *error = DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_LOAD_AFTER);
 
    error->data = GetString(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_AFTER_TRANSLATED_FILE);
 
    return;
  }
 
  /* Since no language id is supplied for with version 7 and lower NewGRFs, this string has
   * to be added as a generic string, thus the language id of 0x7F. For this to work
   * new_scheme has to be true as well, which will also be implicitly the case for version 8
   * and higher. A language id of 0x7F will be overridden by a non-generic id, so this will
   * not change anything if a string has been provided specifically for this language. */
  uint8_t language = _cur.grffile->grf_version >= 8 ? buf.ReadByte() : 0x7F;
  uint8_t num_strings = buf.ReadByte();
  uint16_t first_id  = buf.ReadWord();
 
  if (!((first_id >= 0xD000 && first_id + num_strings <= 0xD400) || (first_id >= 0xD800 && first_id + num_strings <= 0xE000))) {
    GrfMsg(7, "TranslateGRFStrings: Attempting to set out-of-range string IDs in action 13 (first: 0x{:04X}, number: 0x{:02X})", first_id, num_strings);
    return;
  }
 
  for (uint i = 0; i < num_strings && buf.HasData(); i++) {
    std::string_view string = buf.ReadString();
 
    if (string.empty()) {
      GrfMsg(7, "TranslateGRFString: Ignoring empty string.");
      continue;
    }
 
    AddGRFString(grfid, GRFStringID(first_id + i), language, true, true, string, STR_UNDEFINED);
  }
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFName(uint8_t langid, std::string_view str)
{
  AddGRFTextToList(_cur.grfconfig->name, langid, _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, false, str);
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFDescription(uint8_t langid, std::string_view str)
{
  AddGRFTextToList(_cur.grfconfig->info, langid, _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, true, str);
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFURL(uint8_t langid, std::string_view str)
{
  AddGRFTextToList(_cur.grfconfig->url, langid, _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, false, str);
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFNumUsedParams(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 1) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected only 1 byte for 'INFO'->'NPAR' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    _cur.grfconfig->num_valid_params = std::min(buf.ReadByte(), GRFConfig::MAX_NUM_PARAMS);
  }
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFPalette(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 1) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected only 1 byte for 'INFO'->'PALS' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    char data = buf.ReadByte();
    GRFPalette pal = GRFP_GRF_UNSET;
    switch (data) {
      case '*':
      case 'A': pal = GRFP_GRF_ANY;     break;
      case 'W': pal = GRFP_GRF_WINDOWS; break;
      case 'D': pal = GRFP_GRF_DOS;     break;
      default:
        GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: unexpected value '{:02X}' for 'INFO'->'PALS', ignoring this field", data);
        break;
    }
    if (pal != GRFP_GRF_UNSET) {
      _cur.grfconfig->palette &= ~GRFP_GRF_MASK;
      _cur.grfconfig->palette |= pal;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFBlitter(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 1) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected only 1 byte for 'INFO'->'BLTR' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    char data = buf.ReadByte();
    GRFPalette pal = GRFP_BLT_UNSET;
    switch (data) {
      case '8': pal = GRFP_BLT_UNSET; break;
      case '3': pal = GRFP_BLT_32BPP;  break;
      default:
        GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: unexpected value '{:02X}' for 'INFO'->'BLTR', ignoring this field", data);
        return true;
    }
    _cur.grfconfig->palette &= ~GRFP_BLT_MASK;
    _cur.grfconfig->palette |= pal;
  }
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFVersion(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 4) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected 4 bytes for 'INFO'->'VRSN' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    /* Set min_loadable_version as well (default to minimal compatibility) */
    _cur.grfconfig->version = _cur.grfconfig->min_loadable_version = buf.ReadDWord();
  }
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFMinVersion(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 4) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected 4 bytes for 'INFO'->'MINV' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    _cur.grfconfig->min_loadable_version = buf.ReadDWord();
    if (_cur.grfconfig->version == 0) {
      GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: 'MINV' defined before 'VRSN' or 'VRSN' set to 0, ignoring this field");
      _cur.grfconfig->min_loadable_version = 0;
    }
    if (_cur.grfconfig->version < _cur.grfconfig->min_loadable_version) {
      GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: 'MINV' defined as {}, limiting it to 'VRSN'", _cur.grfconfig->min_loadable_version);
      _cur.grfconfig->min_loadable_version = _cur.grfconfig->version;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
static GRFParameterInfo *_cur_parameter; 
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamName(uint8_t langid, std::string_view str)
{
  AddGRFTextToList(_cur_parameter->name, langid, _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, false, str);
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamDescription(uint8_t langid, std::string_view str)
{
  AddGRFTextToList(_cur_parameter->desc, langid, _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, true, str);
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamType(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 1) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected 1 byte for 'INFO'->'PARA'->'TYPE' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    GRFParameterType type = (GRFParameterType)buf.ReadByte();
    if (type < PTYPE_END) {
      _cur_parameter->type = type;
    } else {
      GrfMsg(3, "StaticGRFInfo: unknown parameter type {}, ignoring this field", type);
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamLimits(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (_cur_parameter->type != PTYPE_UINT_ENUM) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: 'INFO'->'PARA'->'LIMI' is only valid for parameters with type uint/enum, ignoring this field");
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else if (len != 8) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected 8 bytes for 'INFO'->'PARA'->'LIMI' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    uint32_t min_value = buf.ReadDWord();
    uint32_t max_value = buf.ReadDWord();
    if (min_value <= max_value) {
      _cur_parameter->min_value = min_value;
      _cur_parameter->max_value = max_value;
    } else {
      GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: 'INFO'->'PARA'->'LIMI' values are incoherent, ignoring this field");
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamMask(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len < 1 || len > 3) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected 1 to 3 bytes for 'INFO'->'PARA'->'MASK' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    uint8_t param_nr = buf.ReadByte();
    if (param_nr >= GRFConfig::MAX_NUM_PARAMS) {
      GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: invalid parameter number in 'INFO'->'PARA'->'MASK', param {}, ignoring this field", param_nr);
      buf.Skip(len - 1);
    } else {
      _cur_parameter->param_nr = param_nr;
      if (len >= 2) _cur_parameter->first_bit = std::min<uint8_t>(buf.ReadByte(), 31);
      if (len >= 3) _cur_parameter->num_bit = std::min<uint8_t>(buf.ReadByte(), 32 - _cur_parameter->first_bit);
    }
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamDefault(size_t len, ByteReader &buf)
{
  if (len != 4) {
    GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: expected 4 bytes for 'INFO'->'PARA'->'DEFA' but got {}, ignoring this field", len);
    buf.Skip(len);
  } else {
    _cur_parameter->def_value = buf.ReadDWord();
  }
  _cur.grfconfig->has_param_defaults = true;
  return true;
}
 
typedef bool (*DataHandler)(size_t, ByteReader &);  
typedef bool (*TextHandler)(uint8_t, std::string_view str); 
typedef bool (*BranchHandler)(ByteReader &);        
 
struct AllowedSubtags {
  using Span = std::pair<const AllowedSubtags *, const AllowedSubtags *>;
 
  uint32_t id; 
  std::variant<DataHandler, TextHandler, BranchHandler, Span> handler; 
};
 
static bool SkipUnknownInfo(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t type);
static bool HandleNodes(ByteReader &buf, std::span<const AllowedSubtags> tags);
 
static bool ChangeGRFParamValueNames(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t type = buf.ReadByte();
  while (type != 0) {
    uint32_t id = buf.ReadDWord();
    if (type != 'T' || id > _cur_parameter->max_value) {
      GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: all child nodes of 'INFO'->'PARA'->param_num->'VALU' should have type 't' and the value/bit number as id");
      if (!SkipUnknownInfo(buf, type)) return false;
      type = buf.ReadByte();
      continue;
    }
 
    uint8_t langid = buf.ReadByte();
    std::string_view name_string = buf.ReadString();
 
    auto it = std::ranges::lower_bound(_cur_parameter->value_names, id, std::less{}, &GRFParameterInfo::ValueName::first);
    if (it == std::end(_cur_parameter->value_names) || it->first != id) {
      it = _cur_parameter->value_names.emplace(it, id, GRFTextList{});
    }
    AddGRFTextToList(it->second, langid, _cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, false, name_string);
 
    type = buf.ReadByte();
  }
  return true;
}
 
static constexpr AllowedSubtags _tags_parameters[] = {
  AllowedSubtags{'NAME', ChangeGRFParamName},
  AllowedSubtags{'DESC', ChangeGRFParamDescription},
  AllowedSubtags{'TYPE', ChangeGRFParamType},
  AllowedSubtags{'LIMI', ChangeGRFParamLimits},
  AllowedSubtags{'MASK', ChangeGRFParamMask},
  AllowedSubtags{'VALU', ChangeGRFParamValueNames},
  AllowedSubtags{'DFLT', ChangeGRFParamDefault},
};
 
static bool HandleParameterInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  uint8_t type = buf.ReadByte();
  while (type != 0) {
    uint32_t id = buf.ReadDWord();
    if (type != 'C' || id >= _cur.grfconfig->num_valid_params) {
      GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: all child nodes of 'INFO'->'PARA' should have type 'C' and their parameter number as id");
      if (!SkipUnknownInfo(buf, type)) return false;
      type = buf.ReadByte();
      continue;
    }
 
    if (id >= _cur.grfconfig->param_info.size()) {
      _cur.grfconfig->param_info.resize(id + 1);
    }
    if (!_cur.grfconfig->param_info[id].has_value()) {
      _cur.grfconfig->param_info[id] = GRFParameterInfo(id);
    }
    _cur_parameter = &_cur.grfconfig->param_info[id].value();
    /* Read all parameter-data and process each node. */
    if (!HandleNodes(buf, _tags_parameters)) return false;
    type = buf.ReadByte();
  }
  return true;
}
 
static constexpr AllowedSubtags _tags_info[] = {
  AllowedSubtags{'NAME', ChangeGRFName},
  AllowedSubtags{'DESC', ChangeGRFDescription},
  AllowedSubtags{'URL_', ChangeGRFURL},
  AllowedSubtags{'NPAR', ChangeGRFNumUsedParams},
  AllowedSubtags{'PALS', ChangeGRFPalette},
  AllowedSubtags{'BLTR', ChangeGRFBlitter},
  AllowedSubtags{'VRSN', ChangeGRFVersion},
  AllowedSubtags{'MINV', ChangeGRFMinVersion},
  AllowedSubtags{'PARA', HandleParameterInfo},
};
 
static constexpr AllowedSubtags _tags_root[] = {
  AllowedSubtags{'INFO', std::make_pair(std::begin(_tags_info), std::end(_tags_info))},
};
 
 
static bool SkipUnknownInfo(ByteReader &buf, uint8_t type)
{
  /* type and id are already read */
  switch (type) {
    case 'C': {
      uint8_t new_type = buf.ReadByte();
      while (new_type != 0) {
        buf.ReadDWord(); // skip the id
        if (!SkipUnknownInfo(buf, new_type)) return false;
        new_type = buf.ReadByte();
      }
      break;
    }
 
    case 'T':
      buf.ReadByte(); // lang
      buf.ReadString(); // actual text
      break;
 
    case 'B': {
      uint16_t size = buf.ReadWord();
      buf.Skip(size);
      break;
    }
 
    default:
      return false;
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
static bool HandleNode(uint8_t type, uint32_t id, ByteReader &buf, std::span<const AllowedSubtags> subtags)
{
  /* Visitor to get a subtag handler's type. */
  struct type_visitor {
    char operator()(const DataHandler &) { return 'B'; }
    char operator()(const TextHandler &) { return 'T'; }
    char operator()(const BranchHandler &) { return 'C'; }
    char operator()(const AllowedSubtags::Span &) { return 'C'; }
  };
 
  /* Visitor to evaluate a subtag handler. */
  struct evaluate_visitor {
    ByteReader &buf;
 
    bool operator()(const DataHandler &handler)
    {
      size_t len = buf.ReadWord();
      if (buf.Remaining() < len) return false;
      return handler(len, buf);
    }
 
    bool operator()(const TextHandler &handler)
    {
      uint8_t langid = buf.ReadByte();
      return handler(langid, buf.ReadString());
    }
 
    bool operator()(const BranchHandler &handler)
    {
      return handler(buf);
    }
 
    bool operator()(const AllowedSubtags::Span &subtags)
    {
      return HandleNodes(buf, {subtags.first, subtags.second});
    }
  };
 
  for (const auto &tag : subtags) {
    if (tag.id != std::byteswap(id) || std::visit(type_visitor{}, tag.handler) != type) continue;
    return std::visit(evaluate_visitor{buf}, tag.handler);
  }
 
  GrfMsg(2, "StaticGRFInfo: unknown type/id combination found, type={:c}, id={:x}", type, id);
  return SkipUnknownInfo(buf, type);
}
 
static bool HandleNodes(ByteReader &buf, std::span<const AllowedSubtags> subtags)
{
  uint8_t type = buf.ReadByte();
  while (type != 0) {
    uint32_t id = buf.ReadDWord();
    if (!HandleNode(type, id, buf, subtags)) return false;
    type = buf.ReadByte();
  }
  return true;
}
 
static void StaticGRFInfo(ByteReader &buf)
{
  /* <14> <type> <id> <text/data...> */
  HandleNodes(buf, _tags_root);
}
 
static void GRFUnsafe(ByteReader &)
{
  _cur.grfconfig->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::Unsafe);
 
  /* Skip remainder of GRF */
  _cur.skip_sprites = -1;
}
 
 
static void InitializeGRFSpecial()
{
  _ttdpatch_flags[0] = ((_settings_game.station.never_expire_airports ? 1U : 0U) << 0x0C)  // keepsmallairport
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0D)  // newairports
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0E)  // largestations
                     | ((_settings_game.construction.max_bridge_length > 16 ? 1U : 0U) << 0x0F)  // longbridges
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x10)  // loadtime
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x12)  // presignals
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x13)  // extpresignals
                     | ((_settings_game.vehicle.never_expire_vehicles ? 1U : 0U) << 0x16)  // enginespersist
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1B)  // multihead
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1D)  // lowmemory
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1E); // generalfixes
 
  _ttdpatch_flags[1] =   ((_settings_game.economy.station_noise_level ? 1U : 0U) << 0x07)  // moreairports - based on units of noise
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x08)  // mammothtrains
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x09)  // trainrefit
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x0B)  // subsidiaries
                     |         ((_settings_game.order.gradual_loading ? 1U : 0U) << 0x0C)  // gradualloading
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x12)  // unifiedmaglevmode - set bit 0 mode. Not revelant to OTTD
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x13)  // unifiedmaglevmode - set bit 1 mode
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x14)  // bridgespeedlimits
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x16)  // eternalgame
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x17)  // newtrains
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x18)  // newrvs
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x19)  // newships
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1A)  // newplanes
                     | ((_settings_game.construction.train_signal_side == 1 ? 1U : 0U) << 0x1B)  // signalsontrafficside
                     |       ((_settings_game.vehicle.disable_elrails ? 0U : 1U) << 0x1C); // electrifiedrailway
 
  _ttdpatch_flags[2] =                                                       (1U << 0x01)  // loadallgraphics - obsolote
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x03)  // semaphores
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0A)  // newobjects
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x0B)  // enhancedgui
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x0C)  // newagerating
                     |  ((_settings_game.construction.build_on_slopes ? 1U : 0U) << 0x0D)  // buildonslopes
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0E)  // fullloadany
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0F)  // planespeed
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x10)  // moreindustriesperclimate - obsolete
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x11)  // moretoylandfeatures
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x12)  // newstations
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x13)  // tracktypecostdiff
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x14)  // manualconvert
                     |  ((_settings_game.construction.build_on_slopes ? 1U : 0U) << 0x15)  // buildoncoasts
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x16)  // canals
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x17)  // newstartyear
                     |    ((_settings_game.vehicle.freight_trains > 1 ? 1U : 0U) << 0x18)  // freighttrains
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x19)  // newhouses
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1A)  // newbridges
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1B)  // newtownnames
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1C)  // moreanimation
                     |    ((_settings_game.vehicle.wagon_speed_limits ? 1U : 0U) << 0x1D)  // wagonspeedlimits
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1E)  // newshistory
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x1F); // custombridgeheads
 
  _ttdpatch_flags[3] =                                                       (0U << 0x00)  // newcargodistribution
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x01)  // windowsnap
                     | ((_settings_game.economy.allow_town_roads || _generating_world ? 0U : 1U) << 0x02)  // townbuildnoroad
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x03)  // pathbasedsignalling
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x04)  // aichoosechance
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x05)  // resolutionwidth
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x06)  // resolutionheight
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x07)  // newindustries
                     |           ((_settings_game.order.improved_load ? 1U : 0U) << 0x08)  // fifoloading
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x09)  // townroadbranchprob
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x0A)  // tempsnowline
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0B)  // newcargo
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0C)  // enhancemultiplayer
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0D)  // onewayroads
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0E)  // irregularstations
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x0F)  // statistics
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x10)  // newsounds
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x11)  // autoreplace
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x12)  // autoslope
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x13)  // followvehicle
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x14)  // trams
                     |                                                       (0U << 0x15)  // enhancetunnels
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x16)  // shortrvs
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x17)  // articulatedrvs
                     |       ((_settings_game.vehicle.dynamic_engines ? 1U : 0U) << 0x18)  // dynamic engines
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1E)  // variablerunningcosts
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x1F); // any switch is on
 
  _ttdpatch_flags[4] =                                                       (1U << 0x00)  // larger persistent storage
                     |             ((_settings_game.economy.inflation ? 1U : 0U) << 0x01)  // inflation is on
                     |                                                       (1U << 0x02); // extended string range
}
 
static void ResetCustomStations()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    file->stations.clear();
  }
}
 
static void ResetCustomHouses()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    file->housespec.clear();
  }
}
 
static void ResetCustomAirports()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    file->airportspec.clear();
    file->airtspec.clear();
  }
}
 
static void ResetCustomIndustries()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    file->industryspec.clear();
    file->indtspec.clear();
  }
}
 
static void ResetCustomObjects()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    file->objectspec.clear();
  }
}
 
static void ResetCustomRoadStops()
{
  for (auto file : _grf_files) {
    file->roadstops.clear();
  }
}
 
static void ResetNewGRF()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    delete file;
  }
 
  _grf_files.clear();
  _cur.grffile   = nullptr;
}
 
static void ResetNewGRFErrors()
{
  for (const auto &c : _grfconfig) {
    c->error.reset();
  }
}
 
void ResetNewGRFData()
{
  CleanUpStrings();
  CleanUpGRFTownNames();
 
  ResetBadges();
 
  /* Copy/reset original engine info data */
  SetupEngines();
 
  /* Copy/reset original bridge info data */
  ResetBridges();
 
  /* Reset rail type information */
  ResetRailTypes();
 
  /* Copy/reset original road type info data */
  ResetRoadTypes();
 
  /* Allocate temporary refit/cargo class data */
  _gted.resize(Engine::GetPoolSize());
 
  /* Fill rail type label temporary data for default trains */
  for (const Engine *e : Engine::IterateType(VEH_TRAIN)) {
    _gted[e->index].railtypelabel = GetRailTypeInfo(e->u.rail.railtype)->label;
  }
 
  /* Reset GRM reservations */
  _grm_engines = {};
  _grm_cargoes = {};
 
  /* Reset generic feature callback lists */
  ResetGenericCallbacks();
 
  /* Reset price base data */
  ResetPriceBaseMultipliers();
 
  /* Reset the curencies array */
  ResetCurrencies();
 
  /* Reset the house array */
  ResetCustomHouses();
  ResetHouses();
 
  /* Reset the industries structures*/
  ResetCustomIndustries();
  ResetIndustries();
 
  /* Reset the objects. */
  ObjectClass::Reset();
  ResetCustomObjects();
  ResetObjects();
 
  /* Reset station classes */
  StationClass::Reset();
  ResetCustomStations();
 
  /* Reset airport-related structures */
  AirportClass::Reset();
  ResetCustomAirports();
  AirportSpec::ResetAirports();
  AirportTileSpec::ResetAirportTiles();
 
  /* Reset road stop classes */
  RoadStopClass::Reset();
  ResetCustomRoadStops();
 
  /* Reset canal sprite groups and flags */
  _water_feature.fill({});
 
  /* Reset the snowline table. */
  ClearSnowLine();
 
  /* Reset NewGRF files */
  ResetNewGRF();
 
  /* Reset NewGRF errors. */
  ResetNewGRFErrors();
 
  /* Set up the default cargo types */
  SetupCargoForClimate(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape);
 
  /* Reset misc GRF features and train list display variables */
  _misc_grf_features = 0;
 
  _loaded_newgrf_features.has_2CC           = false;
  _loaded_newgrf_features.used_liveries     = 1 << LS_DEFAULT;
  _loaded_newgrf_features.shore             = SHORE_REPLACE_NONE;
  _loaded_newgrf_features.tram              = TRAMWAY_REPLACE_DEPOT_NONE;
 
  /* Clear all GRF overrides */
  _grf_id_overrides.clear();
 
  InitializeSoundPool();
  _spritegroup_pool.CleanPool();
  _cached_callback_groups.clear();
}
 
void ResetPersistentNewGRFData()
{
  /* Reset override managers */
  _engine_mngr.ResetToDefaultMapping();
  _house_mngr.ResetMapping();
  _industry_mngr.ResetMapping();
  _industile_mngr.ResetMapping();
  _airport_mngr.ResetMapping();
  _airporttile_mngr.ResetMapping();
}
 
static void BuildCargoTranslationMap()
{
  _cur.grffile->cargo_map.fill(UINT8_MAX);
 
  auto cargo_list = GetCargoTranslationTable(*_cur.grffile);
 
  for (const CargoSpec *cs : CargoSpec::Iterate()) {
    if (!cs->IsValid()) continue;
 
    /* Check the translation table for this cargo's label */
    int idx = find_index(cargo_list, cs->label);
    if (idx >= 0) _cur.grffile->cargo_map[cs->Index()] = idx;
  }
}
 
static void InitNewGRFFile(const GRFConfig &config)
{
  GRFFile *newfile = GetFileByFilename(config.filename);
  if (newfile != nullptr) {
    /* We already loaded it once. */
    _cur.grffile = newfile;
    return;
  }
 
  newfile = new GRFFile(config);
  _grf_files.push_back(_cur.grffile = newfile);
}
 
GRFFile::GRFFile(const GRFConfig &config)
{
  this->filename = config.filename;
  this->grfid = config.ident.grfid;
 
  /* Initialise local settings to defaults */
  this->traininfo_vehicle_pitch = 0;
  this->traininfo_vehicle_width = TRAININFO_DEFAULT_VEHICLE_WIDTH;
 
  /* Mark price_base_multipliers as 'not set' */
  this->price_base_multipliers.fill(INVALID_PRICE_MODIFIER);
 
  /* Initialise rail type map with default rail types */
  this->railtype_map.fill(INVALID_RAILTYPE);
  this->railtype_map[0] = RAILTYPE_RAIL;
  this->railtype_map[1] = RAILTYPE_ELECTRIC;
  this->railtype_map[2] = RAILTYPE_MONO;
  this->railtype_map[3] = RAILTYPE_MAGLEV;
 
  /* Initialise road type map with default road types */
  this->roadtype_map.fill(INVALID_ROADTYPE);
  this->roadtype_map[0] = ROADTYPE_ROAD;
 
  /* Initialise tram type map with default tram types */
  this->tramtype_map.fill(INVALID_ROADTYPE);
  this->tramtype_map[0] = ROADTYPE_TRAM;
 
  /* Copy the initial parameter list */
  this->param = config.param;
}
 
static CargoLabel GetActiveCargoLabel(const std::initializer_list<CargoLabel> &labels)
{
  for (const CargoLabel &label : labels) {
    CargoType cargo_type = GetCargoTypeByLabel(label);
    if (cargo_type != INVALID_CARGO) return label;
  }
  return CT_INVALID;
}
 
static CargoLabel GetActiveCargoLabel(const std::variant<CargoLabel, MixedCargoType> &label)
{
  struct visitor {
    CargoLabel operator()(const CargoLabel &label) { return label; }
    CargoLabel operator()(const MixedCargoType &mixed)
    {
      switch (mixed) {
        case MCT_LIVESTOCK_FRUIT: return GetActiveCargoLabel({CT_LIVESTOCK, CT_FRUIT});
        case MCT_GRAIN_WHEAT_MAIZE: return GetActiveCargoLabel({CT_GRAIN, CT_WHEAT, CT_MAIZE});
        case MCT_VALUABLES_GOLD_DIAMONDS: return GetActiveCargoLabel({CT_VALUABLES, CT_GOLD, CT_DIAMONDS});
        default: NOT_REACHED();
      }
    }
  };
 
  return std::visit(visitor{}, label);
}
 
static void CalculateRefitMasks()
{
  CargoTypes original_known_cargoes = 0;
  for (CargoType cargo_type = 0; cargo_type != NUM_CARGO; ++cargo_type) {
    if (IsDefaultCargo(cargo_type)) SetBit(original_known_cargoes, cargo_type);
  }
 
  for (Engine *e : Engine::Iterate()) {
    EngineID engine = e->index;
    EngineInfo *ei = &e->info;
    bool only_defaultcargo; 
 
    /* Apply default cargo translation map if cargo type hasn't been set, either explicitly or by aircraft cargo handling. */
    if (!IsValidCargoType(e->info.cargo_type)) {
      e->info.cargo_type = GetCargoTypeByLabel(GetActiveCargoLabel(e->info.cargo_label));
    }
 
    /* If the NewGRF did not set any cargo properties, we apply default values. */
    if (_gted[engine].defaultcargo_grf == nullptr) {
      /* If the vehicle has any capacity, apply the default refit masks */
      if (e->type != VEH_TRAIN || e->u.rail.capacity != 0) {
        static constexpr LandscapeType T = LandscapeType::Temperate;
        static constexpr LandscapeType A = LandscapeType::Arctic;
        static constexpr LandscapeType S = LandscapeType::Tropic;
        static constexpr LandscapeType Y = LandscapeType::Toyland;
        static const struct DefaultRefitMasks {
          LandscapeTypes climate;
          CargoLabel cargo_label;
          CargoClasses cargo_allowed;
          CargoClasses cargo_disallowed;
        } _default_refit_masks[] = {
          {{T, A, S, Y}, CT_PASSENGERS, {CargoClass::Passengers},                      {}},
          {{T, A, S   }, CT_MAIL,       {CargoClass::Mail},                            {}},
          {{T, A, S   }, CT_VALUABLES,  {CargoClass::Armoured},                        {CargoClass::Liquid}},
          {{         Y}, CT_MAIL,       {CargoClass::Mail, CargoClass::Armoured},      {CargoClass::Liquid}},
          {{T, A      }, CT_COAL,       {CargoClass::Bulk},                            {}},
          {{      S   }, CT_COPPER_ORE, {CargoClass::Bulk},                            {}},
          {{         Y}, CT_SUGAR,      {CargoClass::Bulk},                            {}},
          {{T, A, S   }, CT_OIL,        {CargoClass::Liquid},                          {}},
          {{         Y}, CT_COLA,       {CargoClass::Liquid},                          {}},
          {{T         }, CT_GOODS,      {CargoClass::PieceGoods, CargoClass::Express}, {CargoClass::Liquid, CargoClass::Passengers}},
          {{   A, S   }, CT_GOODS,      {CargoClass::PieceGoods, CargoClass::Express}, {CargoClass::Liquid, CargoClass::Passengers, CargoClass::Refrigerated}},
          {{   A, S   }, CT_FOOD,       {CargoClass::Refrigerated},                    {}},
          {{         Y}, CT_CANDY,      {CargoClass::PieceGoods, CargoClass::Express}, {CargoClass::Liquid, CargoClass::Passengers}},
        };
 
        if (e->type == VEH_AIRCRAFT) {
          /* Aircraft default to "light" cargoes */
          _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = {CargoClass::Passengers, CargoClass::Mail, CargoClass::Armoured, CargoClass::Express};
          _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = {CargoClass::Liquid};
        } else if (e->type == VEH_SHIP) {
          CargoLabel label = GetActiveCargoLabel(ei->cargo_label);
          switch (label.base()) {
            case CT_PASSENGERS.base():
              /* Ferries */
              _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = {CargoClass::Passengers};
              _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = {};
              break;
            case CT_OIL.base():
              /* Tankers */
              _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = {CargoClass::Liquid};
              _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = {};
              break;
            default:
              /* Cargo ships */
              if (_settings_game.game_creation.landscape == LandscapeType::Toyland) {
                /* No tanker in toyland :( */
                _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = {CargoClass::Mail, CargoClass::Armoured, CargoClass::Express, CargoClass::Bulk, CargoClass::PieceGoods, CargoClass::Liquid};
                _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = {CargoClass::Passengers};
              } else {
                _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = {CargoClass::Mail, CargoClass::Armoured, CargoClass::Express, CargoClass::Bulk, CargoClass::PieceGoods};
                _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = {CargoClass::Liquid, CargoClass::Passengers};
              }
              break;
          }
          e->u.ship.old_refittable = true;
        } else if (e->type == VEH_TRAIN && e->u.rail.railveh_type != RAILVEH_WAGON) {
          /* Train engines default to all cargoes, so you can build single-cargo consists with fast engines.
           * Trains loading multiple cargoes may start stations accepting unwanted cargoes. */
          _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = {CargoClass::Passengers, CargoClass::Mail, CargoClass::Armoured, CargoClass::Express, CargoClass::Bulk, CargoClass::PieceGoods, CargoClass::Liquid};
          _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = {};
        } else {
          /* Train wagons and road vehicles are classified by their default cargo type */
          CargoLabel label = GetActiveCargoLabel(ei->cargo_label);
          for (const auto &drm : _default_refit_masks) {
            if (!drm.climate.Test(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape)) continue;
            if (drm.cargo_label != label) continue;
 
            _gted[engine].cargo_allowed = drm.cargo_allowed;
            _gted[engine].cargo_disallowed = drm.cargo_disallowed;
            break;
          }
 
          /* All original cargoes have specialised vehicles, so exclude them */
          _gted[engine].ctt_exclude_mask = original_known_cargoes;
        }
      }
      _gted[engine].UpdateRefittability(_gted[engine].cargo_allowed.Any());
 
      if (IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type)) ClrBit(_gted[engine].ctt_exclude_mask, ei->cargo_type);
    }
 
    /* Compute refittability */
    {
      CargoTypes mask = 0;
      CargoTypes not_mask = 0;
      CargoTypes xor_mask = ei->refit_mask;
 
      /* If the original masks set by the grf are zero, the vehicle shall only carry the default cargo.
       * Note: After applying the translations, the vehicle may end up carrying no defined cargo. It becomes unavailable in that case. */
      only_defaultcargo = _gted[engine].refittability != GRFTempEngineData::NONEMPTY;
 
      if (_gted[engine].cargo_allowed.Any()) {
        /* Build up the list of cargo types from the set cargo classes. */
        for (const CargoSpec *cs : CargoSpec::Iterate()) {
          if (cs->classes.Any(_gted[engine].cargo_allowed) && cs->classes.All(_gted[engine].cargo_allowed_required)) SetBit(mask, cs->Index());
          if (cs->classes.Any(_gted[engine].cargo_disallowed)) SetBit(not_mask, cs->Index());
        }
      }
 
      ei->refit_mask = ((mask & ~not_mask) ^ xor_mask) & _cargo_mask;
 
      /* Apply explicit refit includes/excludes. */
      ei->refit_mask |= _gted[engine].ctt_include_mask;
      ei->refit_mask &= ~_gted[engine].ctt_exclude_mask;
 
      /* Custom refit mask callback. */
      const GRFFile *file = _gted[e->index].defaultcargo_grf;
      if (file == nullptr) file = e->GetGRF();
      if (file != nullptr && e->info.callback_mask.Test(VehicleCallbackMask::CustomRefit)) {
        for (const CargoSpec *cs : CargoSpec::Iterate()) {
          uint8_t local_slot = file->cargo_map[cs->Index()];
          uint16_t callback = GetVehicleCallback(CBID_VEHICLE_CUSTOM_REFIT, cs->classes.base(), local_slot, engine, nullptr);
          switch (callback) {
            case CALLBACK_FAILED:
            case 0:
              break; // Do nothing.
            case 1: SetBit(ei->refit_mask, cs->Index()); break;
            case 2: ClrBit(ei->refit_mask, cs->Index()); break;
 
            default: ErrorUnknownCallbackResult(file->grfid, CBID_VEHICLE_CUSTOM_REFIT, callback);
          }
        }
      }
    }
 
    /* Clear invalid cargoslots (from default vehicles or pre-NewCargo GRFs) */
    if (IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type) && !HasBit(_cargo_mask, ei->cargo_type)) ei->cargo_type = INVALID_CARGO;
 
    /* Ensure that the vehicle is either not refittable, or that the default cargo is one of the refittable cargoes.
     * Note: Vehicles refittable to no cargo are handle differently to vehicle refittable to a single cargo. The latter might have subtypes. */
    if (!only_defaultcargo && (e->type != VEH_SHIP || e->u.ship.old_refittable) && IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type) && !HasBit(ei->refit_mask, ei->cargo_type)) {
      ei->cargo_type = INVALID_CARGO;
    }
 
    /* Check if this engine's cargo type is valid. If not, set to the first refittable
     * cargo type. Finally disable the vehicle, if there is still no cargo. */
    if (!IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type) && ei->refit_mask != 0) {
      /* Figure out which CTT to use for the default cargo, if it is 'first refittable'. */
      const GRFFile *file = _gted[engine].defaultcargo_grf;
      if (file == nullptr) file = e->GetGRF();
      if (file != nullptr && file->grf_version >= 8 && !file->cargo_list.empty()) {
        /* Use first refittable cargo from cargo translation table */
        uint8_t best_local_slot = UINT8_MAX;
        for (CargoType cargo_type : SetCargoBitIterator(ei->refit_mask)) {
          uint8_t local_slot = file->cargo_map[cargo_type];
          if (local_slot < best_local_slot) {
            best_local_slot = local_slot;
            ei->cargo_type = cargo_type;
          }
        }
      }
 
      if (!IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type)) {
        /* Use first refittable cargo slot */
        ei->cargo_type = (CargoType)FindFirstBit(ei->refit_mask);
      }
    }
    if (!IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type) && e->type == VEH_TRAIN && e->u.rail.railveh_type != RAILVEH_WAGON && e->u.rail.capacity == 0) {
      /* For train engines which do not carry cargo it does not matter if their cargo type is invalid.
       * Fallback to the first available instead, if the cargo type has not been changed (as indicated by
       * cargo_label not being CT_INVALID). */
      if (GetActiveCargoLabel(ei->cargo_label) != CT_INVALID) {
        ei->cargo_type = static_cast<CargoType>(FindFirstBit(_standard_cargo_mask));
      }
    }
    if (!IsValidCargoType(ei->cargo_type)) ei->climates = {};
 
    /* Clear refit_mask for not refittable ships */
    if (e->type == VEH_SHIP && !e->u.ship.old_refittable) {
      ei->refit_mask = 0;
    }
  }
}
 
static void FinaliseCanals()
{
  for (uint i = 0; i < CF_END; i++) {
    if (_water_feature[i].grffile != nullptr) {
      _water_feature[i].callback_mask = _water_feature[i].grffile->canal_local_properties[i].callback_mask;
      _water_feature[i].flags = _water_feature[i].grffile->canal_local_properties[i].flags;
    }
  }
}
 
static void FinaliseEngineArray()
{
  for (Engine *e : Engine::Iterate()) {
    if (e->GetGRF() == nullptr) {
      auto found = std::ranges::find(_engine_mngr.mappings[e->type], e->index, &EngineIDMapping::engine);
      if (found == std::end(_engine_mngr.mappings[e->type]) || found->grfid != INVALID_GRFID || found->internal_id != found->substitute_id) {
        e->info.string_id = STR_NEWGRF_INVALID_ENGINE;
      }
    }
 
    /* Do final mapping on variant engine ID. */
    if (e->info.variant_id != EngineID::Invalid()) {
      e->info.variant_id = GetNewEngineID(e->grf_prop.grffile, e->type, e->info.variant_id.base());
    }
 
    if (!e->info.climates.Test(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape)) continue;
 
    switch (e->type) {
      case VEH_TRAIN: AppendCopyableBadgeList(e->badges, GetRailTypeInfo(e->u.rail.railtype)->badges, GSF_TRAINS); break;
      case VEH_ROAD: AppendCopyableBadgeList(e->badges, GetRoadTypeInfo(e->u.road.roadtype)->badges, GSF_ROADVEHICLES); break;
      default: break;
    }
 
    /* Skip wagons, there livery is defined via the engine */
    if (e->type != VEH_TRAIN || e->u.rail.railveh_type != RAILVEH_WAGON) {
      LiveryScheme ls = GetEngineLiveryScheme(e->index, EngineID::Invalid(), nullptr);
      SetBit(_loaded_newgrf_features.used_liveries, ls);
      /* Note: For ships and roadvehicles we assume that they cannot be refitted between passenger and freight */
 
      if (e->type == VEH_TRAIN) {
        SetBit(_loaded_newgrf_features.used_liveries, LS_FREIGHT_WAGON);
        switch (ls) {
          case LS_STEAM:
          case LS_DIESEL:
          case LS_ELECTRIC:
          case LS_MONORAIL:
          case LS_MAGLEV:
            SetBit(_loaded_newgrf_features.used_liveries, LS_PASSENGER_WAGON_STEAM + ls - LS_STEAM);
            break;
 
          case LS_DMU:
          case LS_EMU:
            SetBit(_loaded_newgrf_features.used_liveries, LS_PASSENGER_WAGON_DIESEL + ls - LS_DMU);
            break;
 
          default: NOT_REACHED();
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  /* Check engine variants don't point back on themselves (either directly or via a loop) then set appropriate flags
   * on variant engine. This is performed separately as all variant engines need to have been resolved. */
  for (Engine *e : Engine::Iterate()) {
    EngineID parent = e->info.variant_id;
    while (parent != EngineID::Invalid()) {
      parent = Engine::Get(parent)->info.variant_id;
      if (parent != e->index) continue;
 
      /* Engine looped back on itself, so clear the variant. */
      e->info.variant_id = EngineID::Invalid();
 
      GrfMsg(1, "FinaliseEngineArray: Variant of engine {:x} in '{}' loops back on itself", e->grf_prop.local_id, e->GetGRF()->filename);
      break;
    }
 
    if (e->info.variant_id != EngineID::Invalid()) {
      Engine::Get(e->info.variant_id)->display_flags.Set(EngineDisplayFlag::HasVariants).Set(EngineDisplayFlag::IsFolded);
    }
  }
}
 
void FinaliseCargoArray()
{
  for (CargoSpec &cs : CargoSpec::array) {
    if (cs.town_production_effect == INVALID_TPE) {
      /* Set default town production effect by cargo label. */
      switch (cs.label.base()) {
        case CT_PASSENGERS.base(): cs.town_production_effect = TPE_PASSENGERS; break;
        case CT_MAIL.base():       cs.town_production_effect = TPE_MAIL; break;
        default:                   cs.town_production_effect = TPE_NONE; break;
      }
    }
    if (!cs.IsValid()) {
      cs.name = cs.name_single = cs.units_volume = STR_NEWGRF_INVALID_CARGO;
      cs.quantifier = STR_NEWGRF_INVALID_CARGO_QUANTITY;
      cs.abbrev = STR_NEWGRF_INVALID_CARGO_ABBREV;
    }
  }
}
 
static bool IsHouseSpecValid(HouseSpec *hs, const HouseSpec *next1, const HouseSpec *next2, const HouseSpec *next3, const std::string &filename)
{
  if ((hs->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_2_TILES) &&
        (next1 == nullptr || !next1->enabled || next1->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_1_TILE))) ||
      (hs->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_4_TILES) &&
        (next2 == nullptr || !next2->enabled || next2->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_1_TILE) ||
        next3 == nullptr || !next3->enabled || next3->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_1_TILE)))) {
    hs->enabled = false;
    if (!filename.empty()) Debug(grf, 1, "FinaliseHouseArray: {} defines house {} as multitile, but no suitable tiles follow. Disabling house.", filename, hs->grf_prop.local_id);
    return false;
  }
 
  /* Some places sum population by only counting north tiles. Other places use all tiles causing desyncs.
   * As the newgrf specs define population to be zero for non-north tiles, we just disable the offending house.
   * If you want to allow non-zero populations somewhen, make sure to sum the population of all tiles in all places. */
  if ((hs->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_2_TILES) && next1->population != 0) ||
      (hs->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_4_TILES) && (next2->population != 0 || next3->population != 0))) {
    hs->enabled = false;
    if (!filename.empty()) Debug(grf, 1, "FinaliseHouseArray: {} defines multitile house {} with non-zero population on additional tiles. Disabling house.", filename, hs->grf_prop.local_id);
    return false;
  }
 
  /* Substitute type is also used for override, and having an override with a different size causes crashes.
   * This check should only be done for NewGRF houses because grf_prop.subst_id is not set for original houses.*/
  if (!filename.empty() && (hs->building_flags & BUILDING_HAS_1_TILE) != (HouseSpec::Get(hs->grf_prop.subst_id)->building_flags & BUILDING_HAS_1_TILE)) {
    hs->enabled = false;
    Debug(grf, 1, "FinaliseHouseArray: {} defines house {} with different house size then it's substitute type. Disabling house.", filename, hs->grf_prop.local_id);
    return false;
  }
 
  /* Make sure that additional parts of multitile houses are not available. */
  if (!hs->building_flags.Any(BUILDING_HAS_1_TILE) && (hs->building_availability & HZ_ZONALL) != 0 && (hs->building_availability & HZ_CLIMALL) != 0) {
    hs->enabled = false;
    if (!filename.empty()) Debug(grf, 1, "FinaliseHouseArray: {} defines house {} without a size but marked it as available. Disabling house.", filename, hs->grf_prop.local_id);
    return false;
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
static void EnsureEarlyHouse(HouseZones bitmask)
{
  TimerGameCalendar::Year min_year = CalendarTime::MAX_YEAR;
 
  for (const auto &hs : HouseSpec::Specs()) {
    if (!hs.enabled) continue;
    if ((hs.building_availability & bitmask) != bitmask) continue;
    if (hs.min_year < min_year) min_year = hs.min_year;
  }
 
  if (min_year == 0) return;
 
  for (auto &hs : HouseSpec::Specs()) {
    if (!hs.enabled) continue;
    if ((hs.building_availability & bitmask) != bitmask) continue;
    if (hs.min_year == min_year) hs.min_year = CalendarTime::MIN_YEAR;
  }
}
 
static void FinaliseHouseArray()
{
  /* If there are no houses with start dates before 1930, then all houses
   * with start dates of 1930 have them reset to 0. This is in order to be
   * compatible with TTDPatch, where if no houses have start dates before
   * 1930 and the date is before 1930, the game pretends that this is 1930.
   * If there have been any houses defined with start dates before 1930 then
   * the dates are left alone.
   * On the other hand, why 1930? Just 'fix' the houses with the lowest
   * minimum introduction date to 0.
   */
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    if (file->housespec.empty()) continue;
 
    size_t num_houses = file->housespec.size();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < num_houses; i++) {
      HouseSpec *hs = file->housespec[i].get();
 
      if (hs == nullptr) continue;
 
      const HouseSpec *next1 = (i + 1 < num_houses ? file->housespec[i + 1].get() : nullptr);
      const HouseSpec *next2 = (i + 2 < num_houses ? file->housespec[i + 2].get() : nullptr);
      const HouseSpec *next3 = (i + 3 < num_houses ? file->housespec[i + 3].get() : nullptr);
 
      if (!IsHouseSpecValid(hs, next1, next2, next3, file->filename)) continue;
 
      _house_mngr.SetEntitySpec(hs);
    }
  }
 
  for (size_t i = 0; i < HouseSpec::Specs().size(); i++) {
    HouseSpec *hs = HouseSpec::Get(i);
    const HouseSpec *next1 = (i + 1 < NUM_HOUSES ? HouseSpec::Get(i + 1) : nullptr);
    const HouseSpec *next2 = (i + 2 < NUM_HOUSES ? HouseSpec::Get(i + 2) : nullptr);
    const HouseSpec *next3 = (i + 3 < NUM_HOUSES ? HouseSpec::Get(i + 3) : nullptr);
 
    /* We need to check all houses again to we are sure that multitile houses
     * did get consecutive IDs and none of the parts are missing. */
    if (!IsHouseSpecValid(hs, next1, next2, next3, std::string{})) {
      /* GetHouseNorthPart checks 3 houses that are directly before
       * it in the house pool. If any of those houses have multi-tile
       * flags set it assumes it's part of a multitile house. Since
       * we can have invalid houses in the pool marked as disabled, we
       * don't want to have them influencing valid tiles. As such set
       * building_flags to zero here to make sure any house following
       * this one in the pool is properly handled as 1x1 house. */
      hs->building_flags = {};
    }
 
    /* Apply default cargo translation map for unset cargo slots */
    for (uint i = 0; i < lengthof(hs->accepts_cargo_label); ++i) {
      if (!IsValidCargoType(hs->accepts_cargo[i])) hs->accepts_cargo[i] = GetCargoTypeByLabel(hs->accepts_cargo_label[i]);
      /* Disable acceptance if cargo type is invalid. */
      if (!IsValidCargoType(hs->accepts_cargo[i])) hs->cargo_acceptance[i] = 0;
    }
  }
 
  HouseZones climate_mask = (HouseZones)(1 << (to_underlying(_settings_game.game_creation.landscape) + 12));
  EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON1 | climate_mask);
  EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON2 | climate_mask);
  EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON3 | climate_mask);
  EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON4 | climate_mask);
  EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON5 | climate_mask);
 
  if (_settings_game.game_creation.landscape == LandscapeType::Arctic) {
    EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON1 | HZ_SUBARTC_ABOVE);
    EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON2 | HZ_SUBARTC_ABOVE);
    EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON3 | HZ_SUBARTC_ABOVE);
    EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON4 | HZ_SUBARTC_ABOVE);
    EnsureEarlyHouse(HZ_ZON5 | HZ_SUBARTC_ABOVE);
  }
}
 
static void FinaliseIndustriesArray()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    for (const auto &indsp : file->industryspec) {
      if (indsp == nullptr || !indsp->enabled) continue;
 
      _industry_mngr.SetEntitySpec(indsp.get());
    }
 
    for (const auto &indtsp : file->indtspec) {
      if (indtsp != nullptr) {
        _industile_mngr.SetEntitySpec(indtsp.get());
      }
    }
  }
 
  for (auto &indsp : _industry_specs) {
    if (indsp.enabled && indsp.grf_prop.HasGrfFile()) {
      for (auto &conflicting : indsp.conflicting) {
        conflicting = MapNewGRFIndustryType(conflicting, indsp.grf_prop.grfid);
      }
    }
    if (!indsp.enabled) {
      indsp.name = STR_NEWGRF_INVALID_INDUSTRYTYPE;
    }
 
    /* Apply default cargo translation map for unset cargo slots */
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(indsp.produced_cargo_label); ++i) {
      if (!IsValidCargoType(indsp.produced_cargo[i])) indsp.produced_cargo[i] = GetCargoTypeByLabel(GetActiveCargoLabel(indsp.produced_cargo_label[i]));
    }
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(indsp.accepts_cargo_label); ++i) {
      if (!IsValidCargoType(indsp.accepts_cargo[i])) indsp.accepts_cargo[i] = GetCargoTypeByLabel(GetActiveCargoLabel(indsp.accepts_cargo_label[i]));
    }
  }
 
  for (auto &indtsp : _industry_tile_specs) {
    /* Apply default cargo translation map for unset cargo slots */
    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::size(indtsp.accepts_cargo_label); ++i) {
      if (!IsValidCargoType(indtsp.accepts_cargo[i])) indtsp.accepts_cargo[i] = GetCargoTypeByLabel(GetActiveCargoLabel(indtsp.accepts_cargo_label[i]));
    }
  }
}
 
static void FinaliseObjectsArray()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    for (auto &objectspec : file->objectspec) {
      if (objectspec != nullptr && objectspec->grf_prop.HasGrfFile() && objectspec->IsEnabled()) {
        _object_mngr.SetEntitySpec(objectspec.get());
      }
    }
  }
 
  ObjectSpec::BindToClasses();
}
 
static void FinaliseAirportsArray()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    for (auto &as : file->airportspec) {
      if (as != nullptr && as->enabled) {
        _airport_mngr.SetEntitySpec(as.get());
      }
    }
 
    for (auto &ats : file->airtspec) {
      if (ats != nullptr && ats->enabled) {
        _airporttile_mngr.SetEntitySpec(ats.get());
      }
    }
  }
}
 
/* Here we perform initial decoding of some special sprites (as are they
 * described at http://www.ttdpatch.net/src/newgrf.txt, but this is only a very
 * partial implementation yet).
 * XXX: We consider GRF files trusted. It would be trivial to exploit OTTD by
 * a crafted invalid GRF file. We should tell that to the user somehow, or
 * better make this more robust in the future. */
static void DecodeSpecialSprite(uint8_t *buf, uint num, GrfLoadingStage stage)
{
  /* XXX: There is a difference between staged loading in TTDPatch and
   * here.  In TTDPatch, for some reason actions 1 and 2 are carried out
   * during stage 1, whilst action 3 is carried out during stage 2 (to
   * "resolve" cargo IDs... wtf). This is a little problem, because cargo
   * IDs are valid only within a given set (action 1) block, and may be
   * overwritten after action 3 associates them. But overwriting happens
   * in an earlier stage than associating, so...  We just process actions
   * 1 and 2 in stage 2 now, let's hope that won't get us into problems.
   * --pasky
   * We need a pre-stage to set up GOTO labels of Action 0x10 because the grf
   * is not in memory and scanning the file every time would be too expensive.
   * In other stages we skip action 0x10 since it's already dealt with. */
  static const SpecialSpriteHandler handlers[][GLS_END] = {
    /* 0x00 */ { nullptr,       SafeChangeInfo, nullptr,         nullptr,         ReserveChangeInfo, FeatureChangeInfo, },
    /* 0x01 */ { SkipAct1,      SkipAct1,       SkipAct1,        SkipAct1,        SkipAct1,          NewSpriteSet, },
    /* 0x02 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         nullptr,         nullptr,           NewSpriteGroup, },
    /* 0x03 */ { nullptr,       GRFUnsafe,      nullptr,         nullptr,         nullptr,           FeatureMapSpriteGroup, },
    /* 0x04 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         nullptr,         nullptr,           FeatureNewName, },
    /* 0x05 */ { SkipAct5,      SkipAct5,       SkipAct5,        SkipAct5,        SkipAct5,          GraphicsNew, },
    /* 0x06 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         CfgApply,        CfgApply,          CfgApply, },
    /* 0x07 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         nullptr,         SkipIf,            SkipIf, },
    /* 0x08 */ { ScanInfo,      nullptr,        nullptr,         GRFInfo,         GRFInfo,           GRFInfo, },
    /* 0x09 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         SkipIf,          SkipIf,            SkipIf, },
    /* 0x0A */ { SkipActA,      SkipActA,       SkipActA,        SkipActA,        SkipActA,          SpriteReplace, },
    /* 0x0B */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         GRFLoadError,    GRFLoadError,      GRFLoadError, },
    /* 0x0C */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         GRFComment,      nullptr,           GRFComment, },
    /* 0x0D */ { nullptr,       SafeParamSet,   nullptr,         ParamSet,        ParamSet,          ParamSet, },
    /* 0x0E */ { nullptr,       SafeGRFInhibit, nullptr,         GRFInhibit,      GRFInhibit,        GRFInhibit, },
    /* 0x0F */ { nullptr,       GRFUnsafe,      nullptr,         FeatureTownName, nullptr,           nullptr, },
    /* 0x10 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        DefineGotoLabel, nullptr,         nullptr,           nullptr, },
    /* 0x11 */ { SkipAct11,     GRFUnsafe,      SkipAct11,       GRFSound,        SkipAct11,         GRFSound, },
    /* 0x12 */ { SkipAct12,     SkipAct12,      SkipAct12,       SkipAct12,       SkipAct12,         LoadFontGlyph, },
    /* 0x13 */ { nullptr,       nullptr,        nullptr,         nullptr,         nullptr,           TranslateGRFStrings, },
    /* 0x14 */ { StaticGRFInfo, nullptr,        nullptr,         nullptr,         nullptr,           nullptr, },
  };
 
  GRFLocation location(_cur.grfconfig->ident.grfid, _cur.nfo_line);
 
  GRFLineToSpriteOverride::iterator it = _grf_line_to_action6_sprite_override.find(location);
  if (it == _grf_line_to_action6_sprite_override.end()) {
    /* No preloaded sprite to work with; read the
     * pseudo sprite content. */
    _cur.file->ReadBlock(buf, num);
  } else {
    /* Use the preloaded sprite data. */
    buf = _grf_line_to_action6_sprite_override[location].data();
    GrfMsg(7, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Using preloaded pseudo sprite data");
 
    /* Skip the real (original) content of this action. */
    _cur.file->SeekTo(num, SEEK_CUR);
  }
 
  ByteReader br(buf, buf + num);
 
  try {
    uint8_t action = br.ReadByte();
 
    if (action == 0xFF) {
      GrfMsg(2, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Unexpected data block, skipping");
    } else if (action == 0xFE) {
      GrfMsg(2, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Unexpected import block, skipping");
    } else if (action >= lengthof(handlers)) {
      GrfMsg(7, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Skipping unknown action 0x{:02X}", action);
    } else if (handlers[action][stage] == nullptr) {
      GrfMsg(7, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Skipping action 0x{:02X} in stage {}", action, stage);
    } else {
      GrfMsg(7, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Handling action 0x{:02X} in stage {}", action, stage);
      handlers[action][stage](br);
    }
  } catch (...) {
    GrfMsg(1, "DecodeSpecialSprite: Tried to read past end of pseudo-sprite data");
    DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_READ_BOUNDS);
  }
}
 
static void LoadNewGRFFileFromFile(GRFConfig &config, GrfLoadingStage stage, SpriteFile &file)
{
  _cur.file = &file;
  _cur.grfconfig = &config;
 
  Debug(grf, 2, "LoadNewGRFFile: Reading NewGRF-file '{}'", config.filename);
 
  uint8_t grf_container_version = file.GetContainerVersion();
  if (grf_container_version == 0) {
    Debug(grf, 7, "LoadNewGRFFile: Custom .grf has invalid format");
    return;
  }
 
  if (stage == GLS_INIT || stage == GLS_ACTIVATION) {
    /* We need the sprite offsets in the init stage for NewGRF sounds
     * and in the activation stage for real sprites. */
    ReadGRFSpriteOffsets(file);
  } else {
    /* Skip sprite section offset if present. */
    if (grf_container_version >= 2) file.ReadDword();
  }
 
  if (grf_container_version >= 2) {
    /* Read compression value. */
    uint8_t compression = file.ReadByte();
    if (compression != 0) {
      Debug(grf, 7, "LoadNewGRFFile: Unsupported compression format");
      return;
    }
  }
 
  /* Skip the first sprite; we don't care about how many sprites this
   * does contain; newest TTDPatches and George's longvehicles don't
   * neither, apparently. */
  uint32_t num = grf_container_version >= 2 ? file.ReadDword() : file.ReadWord();
  if (num == 4 && file.ReadByte() == 0xFF) {
    file.ReadDword();
  } else {
    Debug(grf, 7, "LoadNewGRFFile: Custom .grf has invalid format");
    return;
  }
 
  _cur.ClearDataForNextFile();
 
  ReusableBuffer<uint8_t> buf;
 
  while ((num = (grf_container_version >= 2 ? file.ReadDword() : file.ReadWord())) != 0) {
    uint8_t type = file.ReadByte();
    _cur.nfo_line++;
 
    if (type == 0xFF) {
      if (_cur.skip_sprites == 0) {
        DecodeSpecialSprite(buf.Allocate(num), num, stage);
 
        /* Stop all processing if we are to skip the remaining sprites */
        if (_cur.skip_sprites == -1) break;
 
        continue;
      } else {
        file.SkipBytes(num);
      }
    } else {
      if (_cur.skip_sprites == 0) {
        GrfMsg(0, "LoadNewGRFFile: Unexpected sprite, disabling");
        DisableGrf(STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_UNEXPECTED_SPRITE);
        break;
      }
 
      if (grf_container_version >= 2 && type == 0xFD) {
        /* Reference to data section. Container version >= 2 only. */
        file.SkipBytes(num);
      } else {
        file.SkipBytes(7);
        SkipSpriteData(file, type, num - 8);
      }
    }
 
    if (_cur.skip_sprites > 0) _cur.skip_sprites--;
  }
}
 
void LoadNewGRFFile(GRFConfig &config, GrfLoadingStage stage, Subdirectory subdir, bool temporary)
{
  const std::string &filename = config.filename;
 
  /* A .grf file is activated only if it was active when the game was
   * started.  If a game is loaded, only its active .grfs will be
   * reactivated, unless "loadallgraphics on" is used.  A .grf file is
   * considered active if its action 8 has been processed, i.e. its
   * action 8 hasn't been skipped using an action 7.
   *
   * During activation, only actions 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 0A and 0B are
   * carried out.  All others are ignored, because they only need to be
   * processed once at initialization.  */
  if (stage != GLS_FILESCAN && stage != GLS_SAFETYSCAN && stage != GLS_LABELSCAN) {
    _cur.grffile = GetFileByFilename(filename);
    if (_cur.grffile == nullptr) UserError("File '{}' lost in cache.\n", filename);
    if (stage == GLS_RESERVE && config.status != GCS_INITIALISED) return;
    if (stage == GLS_ACTIVATION && !config.flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Reserved)) return;
  }
 
  bool needs_palette_remap = config.palette & GRFP_USE_MASK;
  if (temporary) {
    SpriteFile temporarySpriteFile(filename, subdir, needs_palette_remap);
    LoadNewGRFFileFromFile(config, stage, temporarySpriteFile);
  } else {
    LoadNewGRFFileFromFile(config, stage, OpenCachedSpriteFile(filename, subdir, needs_palette_remap));
  }
}
 
static void ActivateOldShore()
{
  /* Use default graphics, if no shore sprites were loaded.
   * Should not happen, as the base set's extra grf should include some. */
  if (_loaded_newgrf_features.shore == SHORE_REPLACE_NONE) _loaded_newgrf_features.shore = SHORE_REPLACE_ACTION_A;
 
  if (_loaded_newgrf_features.shore != SHORE_REPLACE_ACTION_5) {
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  1, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  1); // SLOPE_W
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  2, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  2); // SLOPE_S
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  6, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  3); // SLOPE_SW
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  0, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  4); // SLOPE_E
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  4, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  6); // SLOPE_SE
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  3, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  8); // SLOPE_N
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  7, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  9); // SLOPE_NW
    DupSprite(SPR_ORIGINALSHORE_START +  5, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 12); // SLOPE_NE
  }
 
  if (_loaded_newgrf_features.shore == SHORE_REPLACE_ACTION_A) {
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 16, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  0); // SLOPE_STEEP_S
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 17, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  5); // SLOPE_STEEP_W
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE +  7, SPR_SHORE_BASE +  7); // SLOPE_WSE
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 15, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 10); // SLOPE_STEEP_N
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 11, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 11); // SLOPE_NWS
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 13, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 13); // SLOPE_ENW
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 14, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 14); // SLOPE_SEN
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 18, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 15); // SLOPE_STEEP_E
 
    /* XXX - SLOPE_EW, SLOPE_NS are currently not used.
     *       If they would be used somewhen, then these grass tiles will most like not look as needed */
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE +  5, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 16); // SLOPE_EW
    DupSprite(SPR_FLAT_GRASS_TILE + 10, SPR_SHORE_BASE + 17); // SLOPE_NS
  }
}
 
static void ActivateOldTramDepot()
{
  if (_loaded_newgrf_features.tram == TRAMWAY_REPLACE_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK) {
    DupSprite(SPR_ROAD_DEPOT               + 0, SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK + 0); // use road depot graphics for "no tracks"
    DupSprite(SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK + 1, SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK + 1);
    DupSprite(SPR_ROAD_DEPOT               + 2, SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK + 2); // use road depot graphics for "no tracks"
    DupSprite(SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK + 3, SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK + 3);
    DupSprite(SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK + 4, SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK + 4);
    DupSprite(SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_WITH_TRACK + 5, SPR_TRAMWAY_DEPOT_NO_TRACK + 5);
  }
}
 
static void FinalisePriceBaseMultipliers()
{
  extern const PriceBaseSpec _price_base_specs[];
  static const uint32_t override_features = (1 << GSF_TRAINS) | (1 << GSF_ROADVEHICLES) | (1 << GSF_SHIPS) | (1 << GSF_AIRCRAFT);
 
  /* Evaluate grf overrides */
  int num_grfs = (uint)_grf_files.size();
  std::vector<int> grf_overrides(num_grfs, -1);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_grfs; i++) {
    GRFFile *source = _grf_files[i];
    auto it = _grf_id_overrides.find(source->grfid);
    if (it == std::end(_grf_id_overrides)) continue;
    uint32_t override = it->second;
 
    GRFFile *dest = GetFileByGRFID(override);
    if (dest == nullptr) continue;
 
    grf_overrides[i] = find_index(_grf_files, dest);
    assert(grf_overrides[i] >= 0);
  }
 
  /* Override features and price base multipliers of earlier loaded grfs */
  for (int i = 0; i < num_grfs; i++) {
    if (grf_overrides[i] < 0 || grf_overrides[i] >= i) continue;
    GRFFile *source = _grf_files[i];
    GRFFile *dest = _grf_files[grf_overrides[i]];
 
    uint32_t features = (source->grf_features | dest->grf_features) & override_features;
    source->grf_features |= features;
    dest->grf_features |= features;
 
    for (Price p = PR_BEGIN; p < PR_END; p++) {
      /* No price defined -> nothing to do */
      if (!HasBit(features, _price_base_specs[p].grf_feature) || source->price_base_multipliers[p] == INVALID_PRICE_MODIFIER) continue;
      Debug(grf, 3, "'{}' overrides price base multiplier {} of '{}'", source->filename, p, dest->filename);
      dest->price_base_multipliers[p] = source->price_base_multipliers[p];
    }
  }
 
  /* Propagate features and price base multipliers of afterwards loaded grfs, if none is present yet */
  for (int i = num_grfs - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
    if (grf_overrides[i] < 0 || grf_overrides[i] <= i) continue;
    GRFFile *source = _grf_files[i];
    GRFFile *dest = _grf_files[grf_overrides[i]];
 
    uint32_t features = (source->grf_features | dest->grf_features) & override_features;
    source->grf_features |= features;
    dest->grf_features |= features;
 
    for (Price p = PR_BEGIN; p < PR_END; p++) {
      /* Already a price defined -> nothing to do */
      if (!HasBit(features, _price_base_specs[p].grf_feature) || dest->price_base_multipliers[p] != INVALID_PRICE_MODIFIER) continue;
      Debug(grf, 3, "Price base multiplier {} from '{}' propagated to '{}'", p, source->filename, dest->filename);
      dest->price_base_multipliers[p] = source->price_base_multipliers[p];
    }
  }
 
  /* The 'master grf' now have the correct multipliers. Assign them to the 'addon grfs' to make everything consistent. */
  for (int i = 0; i < num_grfs; i++) {
    if (grf_overrides[i] < 0) continue;
    GRFFile *source = _grf_files[i];
    GRFFile *dest = _grf_files[grf_overrides[i]];
 
    uint32_t features = (source->grf_features | dest->grf_features) & override_features;
    source->grf_features |= features;
    dest->grf_features |= features;
 
    for (Price p = PR_BEGIN; p < PR_END; p++) {
      if (!HasBit(features, _price_base_specs[p].grf_feature)) continue;
      if (source->price_base_multipliers[p] != dest->price_base_multipliers[p]) {
        Debug(grf, 3, "Price base multiplier {} from '{}' propagated to '{}'", p, dest->filename, source->filename);
      }
      source->price_base_multipliers[p] = dest->price_base_multipliers[p];
    }
  }
 
  /* Apply fallback prices for grf version < 8 */
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    if (file->grf_version >= 8) continue;
    PriceMultipliers &price_base_multipliers = file->price_base_multipliers;
    for (Price p = PR_BEGIN; p < PR_END; p++) {
      Price fallback_price = _price_base_specs[p].fallback_price;
      if (fallback_price != INVALID_PRICE && price_base_multipliers[p] == INVALID_PRICE_MODIFIER) {
        /* No price multiplier has been set.
         * So copy the multiplier from the fallback price, maybe a multiplier was set there. */
        price_base_multipliers[p] = price_base_multipliers[fallback_price];
      }
    }
  }
 
  /* Decide local/global scope of price base multipliers */
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    PriceMultipliers &price_base_multipliers = file->price_base_multipliers;
    for (Price p = PR_BEGIN; p < PR_END; p++) {
      if (price_base_multipliers[p] == INVALID_PRICE_MODIFIER) {
        /* No multiplier was set; set it to a neutral value */
        price_base_multipliers[p] = 0;
      } else {
        if (!HasBit(file->grf_features, _price_base_specs[p].grf_feature)) {
          /* The grf does not define any objects of the feature,
           * so it must be a difficulty setting. Apply it globally */
          Debug(grf, 3, "'{}' sets global price base multiplier {}", file->filename, p);
          SetPriceBaseMultiplier(p, price_base_multipliers[p]);
          price_base_multipliers[p] = 0;
        } else {
          Debug(grf, 3, "'{}' sets local price base multiplier {}", file->filename, p);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
 
template <typename T>
void AddBadgeToSpecs(T &specs, GrfSpecFeature feature, Badge &badge)
{
  for (auto &spec : specs) {
    if (spec == nullptr) continue;
    spec->badges.push_back(badge.index);
    badge.features.Set(feature);
  }
}
 
static void FinaliseBadges()
{
  for (GRFFile * const file : _grf_files) {
    Badge *badge = GetBadgeByLabel(fmt::format("newgrf/{:08x}", std::byteswap(file->grfid)));
    if (badge == nullptr) continue;
 
    for (Engine *e : Engine::Iterate()) {
      if (e->grf_prop.grffile != file) continue;
      e->badges.push_back(badge->index);
      badge->features.Set(static_cast<GrfSpecFeature>(GSF_TRAINS + e->type));
    }
 
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->stations, GSF_STATIONS, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->housespec, GSF_HOUSES, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->industryspec, GSF_INDUSTRIES, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->indtspec, GSF_INDUSTRYTILES, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->objectspec, GSF_OBJECTS, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->airportspec, GSF_AIRPORTS, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->airtspec, GSF_AIRPORTTILES, *badge);
    AddBadgeToSpecs(file->roadstops, GSF_ROADSTOPS, *badge);
  }
 
  ApplyBadgeFeaturesToClassBadges();
}
 
extern void InitGRFTownGeneratorNames();
 
static void AfterLoadGRFs()
{
  /* Cached callback groups are no longer needed. */
  _cached_callback_groups.clear();
  _cached_callback_groups.shrink_to_fit();
 
  for (StringIDMapping &it : _string_to_grf_mapping) {
    it.func(MapGRFStringID(it.grfid, it.source));
  }
  _string_to_grf_mapping.clear();
 
  /* Clear the action 6 override sprites. */
  _grf_line_to_action6_sprite_override.clear();
 
  FinaliseBadges();
 
  /* Polish cargoes */
  FinaliseCargoArray();
 
  /* Pre-calculate all refit masks after loading GRF files. */
  CalculateRefitMasks();
 
  /* Polish engines */
  FinaliseEngineArray();
 
  /* Set the actually used Canal properties */
  FinaliseCanals();
 
  /* Add all new houses to the house array. */
  FinaliseHouseArray();
 
  /* Add all new industries to the industry array. */
  FinaliseIndustriesArray();
 
  /* Add all new objects to the object array. */
  FinaliseObjectsArray();
 
  InitializeSortedCargoSpecs();
 
  /* Sort the list of industry types. */
  SortIndustryTypes();
 
  /* Create dynamic list of industry legends for smallmap_gui.cpp */
  BuildIndustriesLegend();
 
  /* Build the routemap legend, based on the available cargos */
  BuildLinkStatsLegend();
 
  /* Add all new airports to the airports array. */
  FinaliseAirportsArray();
  BindAirportSpecs();
 
  /* Update the townname generators list */
  InitGRFTownGeneratorNames();
 
  /* Run all queued vehicle list order changes */
  CommitVehicleListOrderChanges();
 
  /* Load old shore sprites in new position, if they were replaced by ActionA */
  ActivateOldShore();
 
  /* Load old tram depot sprites in new position, if no new ones are present */
  ActivateOldTramDepot();
 
  /* Set up custom rail types */
  InitRailTypes();
  InitRoadTypes();
 
  for (Engine *e : Engine::IterateType(VEH_ROAD)) {
    if (_gted[e->index].rv_max_speed != 0) {
      /* Set RV maximum speed from the mph/0.8 unit value */
      e->u.road.max_speed = _gted[e->index].rv_max_speed * 4;
    }
 
    RoadTramType rtt = e->info.misc_flags.Test(EngineMiscFlag::RoadIsTram) ? RTT_TRAM : RTT_ROAD;
 
    const GRFFile *file = e->GetGRF();
    if (file == nullptr || _gted[e->index].roadtramtype == 0) {
      e->u.road.roadtype = (rtt == RTT_TRAM) ? ROADTYPE_TRAM : ROADTYPE_ROAD;
      continue;
    }
 
    /* Remove +1 offset. */
    _gted[e->index].roadtramtype--;
 
    const std::vector<RoadTypeLabel> *list = (rtt == RTT_TRAM) ? &file->tramtype_list : &file->roadtype_list;
    if (_gted[e->index].roadtramtype < list->size())
    {
      RoadTypeLabel rtl = (*list)[_gted[e->index].roadtramtype];
      RoadType rt = GetRoadTypeByLabel(rtl);
      if (rt != INVALID_ROADTYPE && GetRoadTramType(rt) == rtt) {
        e->u.road.roadtype = rt;
        continue;
      }
    }
 
    /* Road type is not available, so disable this engine */
    e->info.climates = {};
  }
 
  for (Engine *e : Engine::IterateType(VEH_TRAIN)) {
    RailType railtype = GetRailTypeByLabel(_gted[e->index].railtypelabel);
    if (railtype == INVALID_RAILTYPE) {
      /* Rail type is not available, so disable this engine */
      e->info.climates = {};
    } else {
      e->u.rail.railtype = railtype;
      e->u.rail.intended_railtype = railtype;
    }
  }
 
  SetYearEngineAgingStops();
 
  FinalisePriceBaseMultipliers();
 
  /* Deallocate temporary loading data */
  _gted.clear();
  _grm_sprites.clear();
}
 
void LoadNewGRF(SpriteID load_index, uint num_baseset)
{
  /* In case of networking we need to "sync" the start values
   * so all NewGRFs are loaded equally. For this we use the
   * start date of the game and we set the counters, etc. to
   * 0 so they're the same too. */
  TimerGameCalendar::Date date            = TimerGameCalendar::date;
  TimerGameCalendar::Year year            = TimerGameCalendar::year;
  TimerGameCalendar::DateFract date_fract = TimerGameCalendar::date_fract;
 
  TimerGameEconomy::Date economy_date = TimerGameEconomy::date;
  TimerGameEconomy::Year economy_year = TimerGameEconomy::year;
  TimerGameEconomy::DateFract economy_date_fract = TimerGameEconomy::date_fract;
 
  uint64_t tick_counter  = TimerGameTick::counter;
  uint8_t display_opt     = _display_opt;
 
  if (_networking) {
    TimerGameCalendar::year = _settings_game.game_creation.starting_year;
    TimerGameCalendar::date = TimerGameCalendar::ConvertYMDToDate(TimerGameCalendar::year, 0, 1);
    TimerGameCalendar::date_fract = 0;
 
    TimerGameEconomy::year = TimerGameEconomy::Year{_settings_game.game_creation.starting_year.base()};
    TimerGameEconomy::date = TimerGameEconomy::ConvertYMDToDate(TimerGameEconomy::year, 0, 1);
    TimerGameEconomy::date_fract = 0;
 
    TimerGameTick::counter = 0;
    _display_opt  = 0;
  }
 
  InitializeGRFSpecial();
 
  ResetNewGRFData();
 
  /*
   * Reset the status of all files, so we can 'retry' to load them.
   * This is needed when one for example rearranges the NewGRFs in-game
   * and a previously disabled NewGRF becomes usable. If it would not
   * be reset, the NewGRF would remain disabled even though it should
   * have been enabled.
   */
  for (const auto &c : _grfconfig) {
    if (c->status != GCS_NOT_FOUND) c->status = GCS_UNKNOWN;
  }
 
  _cur.spriteid = load_index;
 
  /* Load newgrf sprites
   * in each loading stage, (try to) open each file specified in the config
   * and load information from it. */
  for (GrfLoadingStage stage = GLS_LABELSCAN; stage <= GLS_ACTIVATION; stage++) {
    /* Set activated grfs back to will-be-activated between reservation- and activation-stage.
     * This ensures that action7/9 conditions 0x06 - 0x0A work correctly. */
    for (const auto &c : _grfconfig) {
      if (c->status == GCS_ACTIVATED) c->status = GCS_INITIALISED;
    }
 
    if (stage == GLS_RESERVE) {
      static const std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> default_grf_overrides[] = {
        { std::byteswap(0x44442202), std::byteswap(0x44440111) }, // UKRS addons modifies UKRS
        { std::byteswap(0x6D620402), std::byteswap(0x6D620401) }, // DBSetXL ECS extension modifies DBSetXL
        { std::byteswap(0x4D656f20), std::byteswap(0x4D656F17) }, // LV4cut modifies LV4
      };
      for (const auto &grf_override : default_grf_overrides) {
        SetNewGRFOverride(grf_override.first, grf_override.second);
      }
    }
 
    uint num_grfs = 0;
    uint num_non_static = 0;
 
    _cur.stage = stage;
    for (const auto &c : _grfconfig) {
      if (c->status == GCS_DISABLED || c->status == GCS_NOT_FOUND) continue;
      if (stage > GLS_INIT && c->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::InitOnly)) continue;
 
      Subdirectory subdir = num_grfs < num_baseset ? BASESET_DIR : NEWGRF_DIR;
      if (!FioCheckFileExists(c->filename, subdir)) {
        Debug(grf, 0, "NewGRF file is missing '{}'; disabling", c->filename);
        c->status = GCS_NOT_FOUND;
        continue;
      }
 
      if (stage == GLS_LABELSCAN) InitNewGRFFile(*c);
 
      if (!c->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::Static) && !c->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::System)) {
        if (num_non_static == NETWORK_MAX_GRF_COUNT) {
          Debug(grf, 0, "'{}' is not loaded as the maximum number of non-static GRFs has been reached", c->filename);
          c->status = GCS_DISABLED;
          c->error  = {STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_MSG_FATAL, STR_NEWGRF_ERROR_TOO_MANY_NEWGRFS_LOADED};
          continue;
        }
        num_non_static++;
      }
 
      num_grfs++;
 
      LoadNewGRFFile(*c, stage, subdir, false);
      if (stage == GLS_RESERVE) {
        c->flags.Set(GRFConfigFlag::Reserved);
      } else if (stage == GLS_ACTIVATION) {
        c->flags.Reset(GRFConfigFlag::Reserved);
        assert(GetFileByGRFID(c->ident.grfid) == _cur.grffile);
        ClearTemporaryNewGRFData(_cur.grffile);
        BuildCargoTranslationMap();
        Debug(sprite, 2, "LoadNewGRF: Currently {} sprites are loaded", _cur.spriteid);
      } else if (stage == GLS_INIT && c->flags.Test(GRFConfigFlag::InitOnly)) {
        /* We're not going to activate this, so free whatever data we allocated */
        ClearTemporaryNewGRFData(_cur.grffile);
      }
    }
  }
 
  /* Pseudo sprite processing is finished; free temporary stuff */
  _cur.ClearDataForNextFile();
 
  /* Call any functions that should be run after GRFs have been loaded. */
  AfterLoadGRFs();
 
  /* Now revert back to the original situation */
  TimerGameCalendar::year = year;
  TimerGameCalendar::date = date;
  TimerGameCalendar::date_fract = date_fract;
 
  TimerGameEconomy::year = economy_year;
  TimerGameEconomy::date = economy_date;
  TimerGameEconomy::date_fract = economy_date_fract;
 
  TimerGameTick::counter = tick_counter;
  _display_opt  = display_opt;
}